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Pigs > SBG Pig Qs_BBCh15 > Flashcards

SBG Pig Qs_BBCh15 Flashcards

1
Q

Taxonomic classification of swine?

A

order Artiodactyla, family Suidae, Sus scrofa domestica

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2
Q
  1. At what age and weight do domestic breeds of swine reach sexual maturity?
A

5-6 months and 250-280 kg

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3
Q
  1. How much do swine weigh at birth and describe their growth rate during adolescence.
A

weigh approximately 3 kg at birth, and exhibit exponential growth during adolescence.

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4
Q
  1. List all the commonly, and less common, breeds of mini pigs used in research.
A

common breeds are: Yucatan, Gottingen, Hormel, Hanford, Sinclair. Less common are: Panepinto, Vietnamese potbellied, Ohmini, Pitman-Moore.

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5
Q
  1. How much do mini pigs generally weigh at sexual maturity?
A

30-50 kg

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6
Q
  1. When purchasing swine, one should choose vendor herds by what primary criteria?
A

validated brucellosis-free, and qualified pseudorabies negative by USDA

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7
Q
  1. What are typical disease and parasite prevention strategies in commercial pig herds?
A

Worm piglets at 4-6 week intervals and administer preventative treatments for ectoparasites. Weanlings commonly vaccinated against erysipelas and leptospirosis. Breeding herd animals additionally vaccinated against porcine parvovirus, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Pasteurella multocida, Escherichia coli.

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8
Q
  1. What is the chance of diarrhea in SPF herds versus conventional?
A

SPF herds have odds ratio of 0.2 compared to conventional pig herds for development of diarrhea.

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9
Q
  1. T/F. Smooth flooring, such as seamless epoxy, is ideal flooring for pigs.
A

False. Swine have difficulty with firm footing on these types of floors, especially when wet.

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10
Q
  1. Swine can be humanely restrained in _____________.
A

Panepinto slings.

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11
Q
  1. List the venous access sites in a pig.
A

auricular, cephalic, external and internal jugular, precava, lateral saphenous, cranial abdominal, femoral

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12
Q
  1. In pigs up to 50 kg, what size needle would be the maximum required for venipuncture?
A

20-gauge and 1.5 inch

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13
Q
  1. What genetic pig models are available for cardiovascular disorders?
A

high membranous ventricular septal defect (VSD), and von Willebrand’s disease

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14
Q
  1. How is the cardiovascular system of pigs similar to humans? How does it differ?
A

Blood supply from the coronary artery is right-side dominant and does not have pre existing collateral circulation, which is similar to about 90% of humans and unlike other species like the dog. The aorta has a true vasovasorum like humans.
Unlike humans which enters the precava, the left azygous (hemizygous) vein in swine drains the intercostal vessels into the coronary sinus. This vessel may be ligated or blocked with a balloon catheter to provide total coronary vessel drainage into the coronary sinus.

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15
Q
  1. The cardiovascular electrophysiologic system of the pig is more ________ than ________ and has prominent _______________.
A

neurogenic, myogenic, Purkinje fibers

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16
Q
  1. Describe the unique gastrointestinal anatomical features of the pig.
A

Has a muscular outpouching called the torus pyloricus, near the pylorus.
The bile duct and pancreatic duct enter the duodenum separately in the proximal portion.
The anatomical divisions between the duodenum, ileum, and jejunum are indistinct.
Mesentery is thin and friable.
The mesenteric branches form their vascular arcades in the subserosa rather than in the mesentery like other species.
The majority of the large intestine in arranged as the spiral colon in left upper quadrant of abdomen. Spiral colon includes cecum, and ascending, transverse, and majority of descending colon.
Tenia and haustra are present on cecum and large intestine.

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17
Q
  1. T/F. Despite anatomic differences from humans, the physiology and digestion, and intestinal transport of pigs and humans is very similar.
A

True

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18
Q
  1. Describe the anatomic location of the germinal centers of swine lymph nodes.
A

On the internal portion of lymph node

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19
Q
  1. Describe the anatomic location of the thymus and parathyroid glands in the pig.
A

Thymus is located on the ventral midline of the trachea near the thoracic inlet, rather than proximal to the larynx. A major portion of the thymus is located in the neck. The single pair of parathyroid glands is located in the medial aspect of the proximal portion of the thyroid gland.

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20
Q
  1. Describe the anatomy of the penis in the pig.
A

Fibromuscular, with a corkscrew-shaped tip located in a preputial diverticulum near the umbilicus. Penis has a sigmoid flexure.

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21
Q
  1. Describe the female reproductive anatomy of the pig.
A

Bicornuate with lengthy torturous Fallopian tubes.

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22
Q
  1. T/F. The cytochrome P450 is similar between pigs and humans.
A

True

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23
Q
  1. What is one of the most important nutrient requirements for newborn piglets?
A

Iron. Nursing piglets require 21 mg of iron per kg of body weight. Sow’s milk contains 1 mg/L. Therefore, a microcytic hypochromic anemia can develop. Piglets can obtain additional iron from the sow’s feces. However, supplementation of 100-200 mg iron dextran IM within 48 hours of farrowing is typically given.

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24
Q

T/F. Swine do not require sulfur in their diets if sulfur-containing amino acids are available (methionine and cystine).

A

True. Unlike ruminants.

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25
Q
  1. Sulfur in pigs is essential for synthesis of which compounds?
A

taurocholic acid, chondroitin sulfate, glutathione, lipoic acid

26
Q
  1. T/F. Methionine alone in the diet can provide sufficient sulfur for pigs.
A

True. Cystine can be synthesized from methionine. The L-isomer is the most biologically active form in swine and the most common form found in plants and animals.

27
Q
  1. When do domestic and miniature breeds of swine become sexually mature?
A

3-7 months for domestic swine, and 4-6 months for miniature breeds.

28
Q
  1. What is the average litter size for domestic and miniature breeds of swine?
A

8-12 for domestic, 4-6 for miniature.

29
Q
  1. Describe the estrous cycle in pigs.
A

Average length is 21 days, ranging from 17-25. Estrus averages 48 hours, ranging 1-3 days. Prior to estrus onset, there will be vulvar reddening and swelling, mucous discharge, nervousness, increased activity. During estrus, sows will stand immobile when pressure is applied to the rump.

30
Q
  1. Optimal fertilization rates occur when insemination takes place ________ prior to ovulation.
A

12 hours

31
Q
  1. How do conception rates compare between artificial insemination and natural service of pigs?
A

AI rates are 10-15% lower

32
Q
  1. T/F. Satisfactory conception rates are obtained if sows are inseminated 10-30 hours after beginning of estrus.
A

True

33
Q
  1. What is the first sign of pregnancy in pigs?
A

Failure to return to estrus 18-24 days following mating. Nonestrous sows are most easily detected by daily exposure to a boar during this time. Behavioral changes are only seen in about 50% of sows in the absence of a boar. Estrus detection has been reported to be 98% accurate and can be used to determine pregnancy status soon after failure of conception or death of a litter.

34
Q
  1. Describe other pregnancy detection methods in pigs.
A

1). Ultrasound is

35
Q
  1. Gestation length of miniature and commercial pigs?
A

114-115 days

36
Q
  1. What are signs of impending parturition in pigs?
A

1) . Vulva becomes swollen and reddened during last 3-4 days.
2) . Development and distension of individual mammary glands during last 2-3 days, and drops of clear or straw-colored fluid can be expressed. This followed somewhat reliably by the initiation of milk flow 6-12 hours prior to parturition.
3) . Respiratory rate is most reliable.
4) . Behavioral changes during 24 hours prior to farrowing include restlessness, nesting, frequent urination, defecation, chewing or biting surrounding objects may be noted.
5) . Just prior to birth, sow becomes recumbent.

37
Q
  1. T/F. Wood chips are ideal for farrowing stalls
A

True. Allows nesting behavior, and help maintain neonates body temperature since newborns lack ability to effectively thermoregulate.

38
Q
  1. What should the environmental temperature of a farrowing stall be?
A

85-95 F, with a supplemental heat source that results in approximately 90 F at pig level. Sow’s comfort level is approximately 68-70 F, which is the reason for having a supplemental heat source just for neonates. Newborns should not be exposed to drafts or moisture. Should remain 85-90 for animals up to 3-4 weeks of age.

39
Q
  1. How long does farrowing typically last?
A

from less than 1 up to 8 hours, typically 3-4. Typical interval between piglets is 15 minutes. Assistance should commence if more than 30-60 minutes elapse between piglets.

40
Q
  1. What are the most important factors for neonatal survival?
A

Ability of neonates to receive colostrum within first 12 hours of birth, adequate subsequent nutrition, and appropriate environmental conditions.

41
Q
  1. What techniques can be employed to address competition for teats and assure all litter mates receive nurse adequately?
A

Split sucking, which consists of removing half of litter comprising largest piglets 3-4 times a day. Also, sow’s milk supply should be checked daily.

42
Q
  1. What does clinical care on day 1 for piglets include?
A

disinfection of navel, clipping of canine “needle” teeth, iron supplementation, ID each animal, weighing, PE

43
Q
  1. When are piglets generally weaned?
A

3-5 weeks; at 4-8 weeks, animals can be housed at 75-80 F.

44
Q
  1. Describe the lymph node anatomy of the pig. What other species are similar?
A

The cortex and medulla/paracortex are inverted from most other species, in that the cortex is the inner region and the paracortex (medullary region) the outer. Elephants, rhinos, dolphins, and hippos share this anatomy. Also, the paracortex areas of the pig lymph node are denser in cell numbers than most other species, being rich in macrophages, plasma cells, and eosinophils.

45
Q
  1. Describe the path of lymph through the lymph nodes in a pig.
A

Afferent lymph percolates from central cortex to outer paracortex (equivalent to medulla) where cells migrate through endothelial venules and back into the blood. Therefore, efferent lymph is relatively acellular.

46
Q
  1. T/F. Pigs have diminished intraluminal macrophages within respiratory airways.
A

False. Prominent not diminished.

47
Q

Describe Peyer’s patches in pigs

A

Similar to ruminants, pigs have two types in small bowel. On jejunum, contains B and T cells, while the single long ileal Peyer’s patch contains B cells almost exclusively.

48
Q
  1. T/F. Lymphoid tissue weights and percentages of cell subsets represented in different tissues differ significantly between SPF and conventional herds.
A

True

49
Q
  1. Describe gamma delta T cells in pigs.
A

Pig has a large population of these cells which lack CD2, CD4, and CD8 expression, but express CD3. This lymphoid population is found in large numbers in various tissues, especially mucosal sites, as in ruminants.

50
Q
  1. Describe expression of CD4 and CD8 in pigs.
A

Unlike most species, pigs have a unique lymphocyte subset that expresses both CD4 and CD8. This subset may represent a type of memory cell or a lineage that differentiates into CD4+CD8-, since CD8 expression is low and the CD8 diner, normally alpha-beta in chain structure, is alpha-alpha in these cells.

51
Q
  1. T/F. There is no transplacental transfer of maternal immunity in pigs.
A

True

52
Q
  1. Describe the composition of colostrum, with regards to immunoglobulin, leukocytes, and absorption.
A

IgG-rich
Colostral leukocytes are largely neutrophils and T cells
Absorbed by intercellular migration. Intestinal closure of colostrum complete by 24-48 hours.

53
Q
  1. What immunoglobulin types does the pig have?
A

A large number of IgG subclasses: IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, IgG4. IgA circulates as a dimer in blood and tissues, and as a monomer in mucosal secretions. IgE is found in serum and mucosal tissues. Pigs lack gene for IgD, unlike most other species, which is a precursor for IgM, but pigs still are able to make IgM and its found in serum.

54
Q
  1. T/F. Swine will respond to recombinant human IL-2 in vitro.
A

True

55
Q
  1. Swine Leukocyte Antigen (SLA) is located on __________ and equivalent to __________.
A

chromosome 7, mouse major histocompatibility complex

56
Q
  1. Describe SLA class I genes
A

As in other species, these genes are universal in in tissue expression and function to restrict T-cell activation, particularly antiviral immune responses, and are pivotal to inducing tolerance for self.

57
Q
  1. Describe SLA class II genes.
A

Restricted in expression to B cells, activated macrophages, a subset of CD8 T cells, and vascular endothelium.

58
Q
  1. Describe SLA class III genes.
A

Function in the complement system, which in the pig is closely aligned with the human systems of classical and alternative pathways if complement activation. One difference is that elimination of Ag-Ab complexes occurs through the lung in the pig, in contrast to target organs of liver and spleen in humans.

59
Q
  1. Describe RBC antigen classification, and its importance in pigs.
A

Very complex with 16 genetic systems having been developed that consists of 78 blood factors, which are either antigens of the RBC or become cell-associated from other tissues when serum concentrations are high. Knowledge of RBC surface expression of carbohydrate antigens is important to xenotransplantation because of role in complement activation, which mediates hyperacute rejection.

60
Q
  1. T/F. There are no primary immunodeficiencies described in pigs.
A

True. Acquired immunodeficiencies can be surgically induced through splenectomy and/or thymectomy. Spontaneous immunodeficiency has been attributed to inadequate colostrum, stress, or poor nutrition.

61
Q
  1. T/F. Autoimmune disease in swine is not reported.
A

False, although few instances.
Hemolytic disease in neonates related to postnatal absorption of maternal immunoglobulins (erythroblastosis fetalis)
two forms of glomerulonephritis. One form is inherited in Norwegian Yorkshires, and a second involves spontaneous IgA nephropathy in Japanese slaughter pigs.
Arthritis in pigs with Mycoplasma hyorhinis or Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae has similar pathogenesis to human rheumatoid arthritis

Pigs (4 decks)

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