Pathology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

is focal or diffuse GN more common?

A

diffuse

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2
Q

pyelonephritis is an infection most commonly caused by which organism?

A

e. coli (bacteria)

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3
Q

what structures of the kidney are infected in pyelo?

A

renal pelvis
calyces
tubules
interstitium

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4
Q

what other organisms can less commonly cause pyelo?

A

pseudomonas

strep faecalis

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5
Q

pyelonephritis usually presents with what other condition and why?

A

cystitis; is an ascending infection

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6
Q

causes of pyelonephritis

A

UTI
septicaemia
post surgery
anatomical problems

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7
Q

risk factors for UTI?

A

pregnancy (dilated ureters = stasis of urine)
being female
obstruction
congenital abnormalities eg duplex ureter
diabetes

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8
Q

what is vesico-ureteric reflux?

A

a congenital abnormality; bacteria contracts during micturation but insufficient valves cause reflux of urine back up the ureters

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9
Q

appearance of a kidney with acute pyelonephritis on histology?

A

many neutrophils in renal tubules

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10
Q

what would you suspect in a patient with hypertension, produces a large volume of urine with vague symptoms?

A

chronic pyelonephritis

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11
Q

appearance of chronic pyelo on imaging?

A

coarse cortical scarring

distortion of calyces

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12
Q

infants cannot get chronic pyelonephritis T or F?

A

F

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13
Q

if a kidney appears blue in areas on histology, what could this be?

A

inflammatory cells

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14
Q

how do you get urinary tract TB?

A

haematogenous spread from another area (usually lungs)

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15
Q

symptoms of urinary tract TB?

A

vague symptoms eg weight loss, fever, loin pain

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16
Q

what does the urine look like? does it contain any bacteria (if so, what)?

A

pus in urine with NO organisms

17
Q

what does a kidney with TB look like?

A
slow caseous (cheesy) appearance
renal destruction
18
Q

what kind of inflammation does TB cause?

A

granulomatous

19
Q

what stain should be used to look at mycobacterium TB

A

zeehl-neilsen stain

20
Q

4 main bacterial causes of cystitis?

A

e.coli
klebsiella
proteus
pseudomonas

21
Q

what kind of inflammation does cystitis cause?

A

acute but can become necrotising

22
Q

appearance of cystitis on histology?

A

cystitis cystica - large fluid filled cysts projecting into lumen

23
Q

what tropical disease is a predisposing cause of urothelial malignancy? what kind of cancer does it cause?

A

schistosomiasis

squamous cell carcinoma

24
Q

urethral obstruction is usually only found in which gender?

A

men

25
Q

what can cause prolonged bladder outlet obstruction?

A

hypertrophy of detrusor muscle (working harder to get urine out)

26
Q

what can cause urethral obstruction?

A

structure
posterior urethral valves
prostatic disease

27
Q

main histological finding in hydronephrosis?

A

parenchymal atrophy

28
Q

name the 2 main causes of hydronephrosis

A

urinary tract obstruction

reflux

29
Q

there is dilatation of the ___ system of the kidney in hydronephrosis

A

pelvicalyceal

30
Q

name causes of hydronephrosis that cause bilaterally affected kidneys?

A

urethral or ureteric obstruction eg by cancer

VUR

31
Q

name causes of hydronephrosis that cause a unilaterally affected kidney

A

calculi
neoplasm
pelviureteric obstruction
strictures

32
Q

hydronephrosis can develop into…

A

pyelonephrosis

33
Q

if the hydronephrosis is sudden and complete with oliguria, what is it unlikely cause?

A

pelvicalyceal dilatation

34
Q

gradual and partial onset of hydronephrosis indicates what cause?

A

pelvicalyceal dilatation

35
Q

where is the prostate situated in relation to the bladder?

A

around the bladder neck

36
Q

what does a pathological bladder look like?

A

thickened wall
hypertrophic/dilated
criss/crossing of detrusor muscle