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Test 1 FTM > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the domains of cellular life?

A

The domains of cellular life are bacteria, archaea, and eukaryota

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2
Q

What components make up the nucleus?

A

nuclear envelope, nuclear lamina, nuclear pores, nucleolus, and nucleoplasm

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3
Q

what components make up the nuclear envelope and what are their functions?

A

The inner nuclear membrane which stabilizes the nuclear envelope
The outer nuclear membrane is continuous with with rER

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4
Q

What is the structure of the nuclear lamina?

A

Thin sheet like meshwork that is below the inner nuclear membrane.

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5
Q

Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome and other laminopathies?

A

Mutation in the lamin proteins. They are a type of intermediate filament in the nuclear lamina.

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6
Q

Describe the function of the nuclear pore complex?

A

This complex allows for the transport of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm

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7
Q

Purpose of the nucleolus?

A

It is the site of ribosome production

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8
Q

What zones make up the nucleolus and what are their roles?

A

Fibrillar center- pale staining and contains rRNA genes
Fibrillar material- transcription of rRNA genes
Granular material- initial ribosomal assembly

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9
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Chromosomes that are in various degrees of uncoiling

Normally packaged into nucleosomes (wrapped around histones)

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10
Q

What are the two types of chromatin and what are their characteristics?

A

Euchromatin- lightly stained, less condensed, more transcriptionally active

Heterochromatin- dense staining, more condensed, less transcriptionally active

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11
Q

Describe the nucleosome

A

Fundamental structural unit of chromatin

eight histone molecules (octomer) 2 loops of DNA around the core of the octomer

found in both types of chromatin

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12
Q

What three parts make up the chromosome?

A

Centromere, telomere, and the replication origin

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13
Q

What are the purposes of the three parts of the chromosome?

A

centromere- helpful during mitosis
telomere- at the ends of the chromosomes. they are repeated sequences that allow for replication
Replication origin- locations were DNA replication begins

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14
Q

Clinical importance of telomerase enzyme?

A

cancer and aging

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15
Q

What is the structure and function of the ribosome?

A

The ribosome is made up of two RNA subunits and is used for translation

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16
Q

What are the two different types of ribosomes?

A

membrane-bound and free

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17
Q

Where are membrane bound ribosomes and what proteins do they synthesize?

A

They are found in the rER and they synthesize lysosomal proteins, secreted proteins, and PM proteins
mRNA contains an ER signal sequence!

typically secreted

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18
Q

Where are free ribosomes located and what proteins do they synthesize?

A

They are unattached to any membrane and the mRNA does not have an ER signal sequence
They synthesize nuclear proteins, mitochondrial proteins, cytosolic proteins, and peroxisomal proteins

typically keep in cytosol

19
Q

What are the two regions of the ER and what are their functions?

A

Smooth ER- synthesis of lipids and detoxification
Rough ER- to synthesize proteins destined for the PM, lysosomes, or secretion. site of post-translational modification and folding

20
Q

What kinds of cells is the rER found in abundance?

A

cells that specialize in protein synthesis

Ex: secretory cells

21
Q

characteristics of the sER

A

region of the ER that does not have any bound ribosomes.

22
Q

Functions of the sER

A

seen in large amounts in cells that specialize in lipid metabolism.
Ex: cells that secrete steroids

Plays a major role in detoxification.
Ex: Large amount in liver!
Cytochrome P450 system

Also functions to sequester calcium
Ex: muscle cells

23
Q

What is the structure of the golgi?

A

Complex of flattened membrane enclosed cisternae
Located next to the nucleus and centrosome
Has a cis face and a trans face

24
Q

cis face and trans face of the golgi?

A

Cis face is the entrance into the golgi (Cis golgi network)

trans face is the exit of the golgi (trans golgi network)

25
Q

What kind of cells have well developed golgi’s?

A

cells that secrete

Ex: plasma cells and digestive cells

26
Q

What are the purpose of coatomer coated vesicles?

A

they medicate the bidirectional nature between the Er and golgi

27
Q

COP-I vesicles?

A

retrograde transport

cis golgi back to rER

28
Q

COP-II vesicles?

A

Anterograde transport

newly made proteins from rER to cis golgi

29
Q

What are the functions of the golgi?

A
  1. post translational modification such as glycosylation, sulfation, phosphorylation, and proteolysis
  2. sorting
  3. packaging
30
Q

What are the three vesicular trafficking pathways?

A
  1. constitutive secretory pathway- continuous secretion
  2. regulated secretory pathway- secreted with stimulus
  3. lysosomal pathway
31
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

They are organelles that are used for the destruction of macromolecules

environment must be acidic

32
Q

Symptoms of lysosomal storage diseases?

A

often result from mutations in genes that code for lysosomal enzymes

results in the accumulation of undigested products and lack of proper cell function.

normal birth
slower growth
bone and joint deformity
lung infections and heart disease (frequent)

33
Q

Tay-Sachs disease

A

deficiency of the HEXA enzyme
results in the accumulation of GM2 ganglioside
Death of neurons in the spinal cord and brain

34
Q

Hurler syndrome

A

alpha-L- iduronidase dysfunction
accumulation of dermatan sulphate
skeleton and nervous system are impacted

35
Q

Pompe

A

alpha-1,4 glucosidase dysfunction
accumulation of glycogen
skeleton and NS are impacted

36
Q

Gaucher

A

dysfunction in the glucocerebrosiase enzyme
accumulation of glucosylceramide
impacts liver and spleen

37
Q

I-cell disease

A

dysfunction of phosphotransferase for M6P formation
lysosomal hydrolases are not present
impacts skeleton and NS

38
Q

What are the pathways of lysosomal digestion?

A
  1. phagocytosis
  2. endocytosis
  3. autophagy
39
Q

What is autophagy?

A

major pathway used to digest proteins and organelles in the lysosome
self eating, per say
Autophagsome is formed (double membrane)

40
Q

What is the proteasome and why is it important?

A

This organelle is used for protein degradation (ATP dependent)
can degrade proteins without the use of a lysosome

proteins that are tagged with ubiquitin are targeted for destruction.

destruction of short lived or abnormal proteins
cyclins
transcription factors
tumor suppressors

41
Q

What is the use of the peroxisome?

A

Important for the role of lipid metabolism
EX: very long chain fatty acid beta oxidation

Can degrade toxic reactive oxygen molecules
Ex: convert hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water
Ex: detoxification of ingesting alcohol (liver mainly)

42
Q

how are peroxisome proteins synthesized

A

By the use of free ribosomes

43
Q

Explain zellweger syndrome?

A

it is caused by a mutation in peroxisome genes that lead to dysfunction or no presence

44
Q

mitochondrial disease

A

usually due to a mutation in a mitochondrial gene
leads to defective mitochondrial enzymes
lower ATP yield…. impacts neurons and muscles

Test 1 FTM (35 decks)

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