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PRAXIS EXAM > III: Acquired Communication Disorders > Flashcards

III: Acquired Communication Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

acquired LD

aphasia (4)

A

caused by acquired brain damage, language impairment NOT a speech impairment, intact nonverbal cognition and intelligence, anomia

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2
Q

acquired LD

grammatical competence (3)

A

the expression and comprehension of the formal grammatical aspects of language, syntax and morphology, deficits aka agrammatism

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3
Q

acquired LD

auditory comprehension (A/C) (1)

A

the ability to attach meaning to the words spoken by others

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4
Q

acquired LD

verbal repetition (2)

A

a skill to help differentiate the aphasia syndromes, repetition tasks: verbal short-term memory, verbal working memory

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5
Q

acquired LD

reading and writing deficits (6)

A

alexia, deep dyslexia (preserved whole word reading, difficulty with sound-by-sound), surface dyslexia (preserved sound-by-sound reading, difficulty with whole word), pure alexia without agraphia, letter-by-letter (LBL) reading, agraphia

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6
Q

acquired LD

persevervation (2)

A

inappropriate repetition of a response of continuation of a behavior when it is no longer required or appropriate, can be recurrent or continuous

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7
Q

acquired LD

recurrent vs continuous preservation

A

repeating a response to fill a delay :: immediately repeating a response without delay

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8
Q

acquired LD

stuck-in-set (1)

A

inability to shift response set when directed to (for example, stuck on counting when pt is asked to recite alphabet)

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9
Q

acquired LD

apraxia (1)

A

a disorder of the execution of a learned movement that is not cause by motor weakness, incoordination or sensory loss and it is not due to failure to understand the command

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10
Q

acquired LD

ideomotor apraxia (2)

A

most common particularly following left hemisphere strokes, difficulty with: selection, sequencing and spatial orientation of movements for gestures

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11
Q

acquired LD

AOS (2)*

A

apraxia of speech, a sensorimotor speech disorder with symptoms of impaired volitional production of articulation and prosody that does not result from: abnormal muscle strength, tone or timing NOR does it arise from aphasia, confusion, generalized intellectual impairment or hearing loss

*may co-occur in persons with aphasia

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12
Q

acquired LD

agnosia (3)

A

generally associated with cortical brain damage (parietal, temporal, occipital), not a result of primary sensory deficits, a disorder of recognition of: objects, people, sounds, colors, etc

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13
Q

acquired LD

prosopagnosia vs anosognosia

A

inability to recognize faces :: inability to recognize one’s own illness

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14
Q

acquired LD

language zone (2)*

A

fed by the middle cerebral artery (MCA) so often a left MCS stroke will result in an aphasia, includes: angular gyrus, broca’s area, wernicke’s area, arcuate fasciculus, supra marginal gyrus

*includes the cortical and subcortical regions of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes of the left hemisphere

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15
Q

acquired LD

anterior vs posterior lesions (1::1)*

A

leads to confluent aphasia :: leads to fluent aphasia

*damage to both regions of the language zone of the left hemisphere may result in a severe aphasia with concomitant right hemiparesis

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16
Q

acquired LD

right hemiparesis (2)

A

impairment of motor functioning on the right side of the body, caused by damage to the motor strip (left pre central sulcus and deeper)

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17
Q

acquired LD

right hemiplegia (1)

A

paralysis on the right side of the body

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18
Q

acquired LD

etiologies (4)*

A

cerebrovascular disease (leading cause), TBI, brain tumor, neurodegenerative disorders

*damage occurs on the language zone of the left hemisphere

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19
Q

acquired LD

TIA (3)

A

transient ischemic attack, temporary loss of neurological function caused by interruption of blood flow to a brain region, warning sign for stroke

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20
Q

acquired LD

CVA (2)

A

cerebrovascular accident aka stroke, most common cause of aphasia

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21
Q

acquired LD

embolus vs thrombosis (1::1)*

A

blood clot formed in another body area and traveled up to the brain (usually from heart) :: blood clot formed in the brain

*each are considered occlusive strokes and may be treated using clot-bursting rugs such as TPA

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22
Q

acquired LD

hemorrhagic CVA (1)

A

rupture of vessels in the brain (rather than blockage of blood flow)

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23
Q

acquired LD

types of brain hemorrhages

A

ruptured aneurysm (ballooned-out area), arteriovenous malformation (AVM – tangled blood vessels usually congenital), intracerebral hemorrhage (rupture within neural tissue), subdural/subarachnoid hemorrhage (rupture in the meningeal coverings of the brain)

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24
Q

acquired LD

TBI (2)*

A

traumatic brain injury, damage may be focal or diffuse, causes include: motor vehicle accidents (MVAs), falls, head trauma, chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE – multiple concussions), blast injuries, gunshot/stab wounds, closed head injuries (CHIs)

*common site of damage is uni/bi-lateral prefrontal area(s)

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25
Q

acquired LD

coup vs countrecoup (1::1)*

A

site of impact :: opposite site of impact

*types of focal injuries

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26
Q

acquired LD

DAI (2)

A

diffuse axonal injury, a type of diffuse injury

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27
Q

acquired LD

tumors of the neural tissues of the brain (2)*

A

glioma, meningioma

*metastatic tumors originate elsewhere in the body

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28
Q

acquired LD

dementia syndromes that also have significant language defects as part of the profile (4)

A

alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal dementia (includes primary progressive aphasia), vascular dementia, dementia with lewy bodies

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29
Q

acquired LD

standardized aphasia assessments (7)

A

boston diagnostic aphasia examination (BDAE-3), boston naming test (BNT), western aphasia battery-revised (WAB-R), aphasia diagnostic profiles (ADP), cognitive linguistic quick test (CLQT), porch index of communicative abilities-revised (PICA-R), minnesota test for the differential diagnosis of aphasia (MTDDA)

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30
Q

acquired LD

aphasia assessments that address functional communication abilities (4)

A

communication activities of daily living (CADL-2), functional assessment of communication skills for adults (ASHA FACS), communicative effectiveness index (CETI), boston naming of severe aphasia (BASA)

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31
Q

acquired LD

verbal expression tasks (9)

A

spontaneous narrative production, complex picture description, story retell, social responding, naming task, word list generation, repetitions, oral reading, automatic naming tasks and songs

*decide if pt is fluent vs nonfluent

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32
Q

acquired LD

paraphasic errors (5)

A

semantic, phonemic, verbal unrelated, neologism (naming an item using a nonword), mixed

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33
Q

acquired LD

auditory comprehension tasks (5)

A

word discrimination, following commands, answering yes/no questions, understanding of grammatical forms, comprehension during conversation

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34
Q

acquired LD

reading comprehension tasks (5)

A

word-picture matching, sentence-picture matching, lexical decision (ID real from non real words), sentence and paragraph comprehension, functional reading

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35
Q

acquired LD

writing expression tasks (5)

A

writing name, automatic naming, narrative descriptions, written confrontation naming, functional writing tasks

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36
Q

acquired LD

modalities of limb and oral-facial apraxia assessment (3)*

A

following verbal commands for motor movements, motor imitations, performing actions with objects

*pt may have limb apraxia and not oral-facial apraxia and vice versa

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37
Q

acquired LD

BAT (2)

A

bilingual aphasia test, three parts: (A) evaluation of multilingual history, (B) assessment of language disorder in each language known by the subject, (C) assessment of translation abilities and interference detection in each language

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38
Q

acquired LD

nonfluent aphasia types (3)

A

broca’s, transcortical motor, global

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39
Q

acquired LD

fluent aphasia types (4)

A

wernicke’s, transcortical sensory, conduction, anomic

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40
Q

acquired LD

boston classification system (broca’s)

A

nonfluent, preserved auditory comprehension, impaired repetition

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41
Q

acquired LD

boston classification system (transcortical motor)

A

nonfluent, preserved auditory comprehension, preserved repetition

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42
Q

acquired LD

boston classification system (global)

A

nonfluent, impaired auditory comprehension, impaired repetition

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43
Q

acquired LD

boston classification system (wernicke’s)

A

fluent, impaired auditory comprehension, impaired repetition

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44
Q

acquired LD

boston classification system (transcortical sensory)

A

fluent, impaired auditory comprehension, preserved repetition

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45
Q

acquired LD

boston classification system (conduction)

A

fluent, preserved auditory comprehension, impaired repetition

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46
Q

acquired LD

boston classification system (anomic)

A

fluent, preserved auditory comprehension, preserved repetition

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47
Q

acquired LD

four subcortical aphasia syndromes

A

anterior capsular-putaminal, posterior capsular-putaminal, global capsular-putaminal, thalamic

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48
Q

acquired LD

psychosocial effects via organic causes (4)

A

left-frontal lesions linked to depression, prefrontal lesions linked to apathy/indifference, left-posterior lesions linked to unawareness/agitation, left-hemisphere lesions linked to catastrophic reactions

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49
Q

acquired LD

reactions to aphasia diagnosis (5)

A

detail, anger, bargaining (“if I do X, then I will recover”), depression, acceptance

50
Q

acquired LD

diaschisis (1)

A

temporary loss of function in brain regions remote from the lesion but connected via neural networks (i.e., not actually damaged but temporarily dysfunctional)

51
Q

acquired LD

deblocking (1)

A

using an unblocked modality to deb lock a blocked modality

52
Q

acquired LD

MIT (2)

A

melodic intonation therapy, a type of intersystem reorganization task that uses intoning and hand tapping to assist verbal expression

53
Q

acquired LD

RET

A

response elaboration therapy, a type of divergent therapy targeting verbal expression with the goal of increasing phrase lengths and lexical retrieval

54
Q

acquired LD

PACE principals (2)

A

a type of pragmatic approach, promoting aphasics’ communication effectiveness which involves equal participation by client and clinician and freedom for the client to express themselves whatever way they wanton (and then clinician provides feedback)

55
Q

acquired LD

recovery patterns seen in bilingual/multilingual persons with aphasia (5)

A

parallel recovery, differential recovery, antagonistic recovery (recovery is inverse), blending recovery (uncontrolled mixing of languages when trying to speak in only one language), selective aphasia (loss in one language and not in another)

56
Q

acquired LD

VCUI (3)

A

voluntary control of involuntary utterances, a treatment for improving verbal expression that uses oral reading to improve production of single words to communicate ideas in people with severe aphasia, the idea is to expand the patient’s vocabulary set

57
Q

acquired LD

TUF (3)

A

treatment of underlying forms, a treatment for agrammatism that focuses on underlying linguistic deficit, the idea is to treat complex forms and simpler forms will be achieved without having to actually treat them

58
Q

acquired LD

SPPA (3)

A

sentence production program for aphasia, a structured treatment for agrammatism, a treatment method used to stimulate production of sentence-level verbal output and to increase use of selected syntactic constructions (based on 14 different sentence types by persons with aphasia)

59
Q

acquired LD

CILT (3)

A

constraint-induced language therapy, aka constraint-induced aphasia therapy (CIAT), the person with aphasia must only communicate via verbal expression and cannot use any other mean including gesturing or drawing

60
Q

acquired LD

ORLA (2)

A

oral reading for language in aphasia, uses reading aloud tasks of phrases and short sentences to stimulate language improvement

61
Q

acquired LD

AphasiaScripts (1)

A

a computer program with an avatar clinician who helps practice a personalized verbal conversation script

62
Q

acquired LD

TAP (2)

A

treatment for aphasic preservation, an anomia treatment for people with severe verbal perseveration that focuses on increasing conscious awareness of perserverative behaviors so that the person with aphasia will learn to inhibit perseverations

63
Q

acquired LD

VNeST (2)

A

verb network strengthening treatment, improves lexical retrieval of content words in sentences by having the pt use verbs to create agent-verb and verb-object pairs/phrases

64
Q

acquired LD

TWA (3)

A

treatment of wernicke’s aphasia, a structured method designed to improve auditory comprehension in people with wernicke’s aphasia who have significant difficulty understanding spoken language, uses reading comprehension to assist auditory comprehension (aka deblocking)

65
Q

acquired LD

multiple oral reading (2)

A

a method designed for people with aphasic alexia (letter-by-letter readers) who have impaired access to words in the graphemic input lexicon, read a short passage over and over to shift from LBL reading to whole-word reading

66
Q

acquired LD

ACRT (3)

A

anagram copy and recall treatment, a treatment approach for agraphia that aims to strengthen words in the graphemic output lexicon so that they can be used for functional writing, uses drill to reinforce visual and kinesthetic aspects of writing

67
Q

acquired LD

VAT (3)

A

visual action therapy, used for people with severe aphasia as a means to treat limb apraxia so gesturing may become an option, pt learns manual gestures that represent objects

68
Q

acquired LD

Amer-Ind gestural training (2)

A

a system of manual gestures to communicate concrete ideas for functional communication, based on “universal american indian hand talk”

69
Q

acquired LD

AAC systems for persons with aphasia (7)

A

c-speak aphasia, dynavox, lingraphica, proloquo2go, SentenceShaper, TouchSpeak, visual scene displays

70
Q

acquired LD

BDB (2)

A

back to back drawing board, a communicative drawing approach that trains drawing of people in action sequences

71
Q

acquired LD

CDP (2)

A

communicative drawing program, a series of drawing tasks (grouping colors/shapes, finishing incomplete drawings, copying, drawing from memory, etc.)

72
Q

acquired LD

LPAA (2)

A

life participation approach to aphasia, a community-based approach focuses on adapting the pt to their environment instead of focusing on their impairments (book clubs, support groups, etc.)

73
Q

acquired LD

SCA (2)

A

supported conversation for adults with aphasia, a conversation training program for communication partners of persons with aphasia

74
Q

acquired LD

aphasia recovery patterns (2)

A

first 6 months is known as the period of spontaneous recovery, neuroimaging studies show peri-lesional (adjacent) and homologous (same area but opposite side) regions may take over functions of the affected area of the brain

75
Q

acquired LD

FYIs of aphasia recovery etiologies (3)

A

recovery for traumatic aphasia > stroke-induced aphasia, recovery for hemorrhagic stroke aphasia > ischemic stroke aphasia, primary progressive aphasia (or any neurodegenerative condition) will not recover but will deteriorate over time

76
Q

acquired LD

common changes in wernicke’s recovery

A

wernicke’s -> conduction -> mild anomic

77
Q

acquired LD

common changes in global aphasia recovery

A

global -> mixed nonfluent (and in some cases, -> severe broca’s)

78
Q

acquired LD

common changes in broca’s recovery

A

broca’s -> milder broca’s

79
Q

acquired LD

crossed aphasia (1)

A

aphasia resulting from a right-hemisphere lesion in a right-handed person

80
Q

acquired LD

symptoms of right hemisphere brain damage (8)

A

problems understanding nonliteral/figurative language, poor theory of mind, poor ability with melodies or recognizing tunes, flat affect and poor recognition of emotions/facial expressions, left neglect, impaired viseioconstructive (drawing) abilities, inattention/distractibility, anosognosia (more seen in right brain damage than left)

81
Q

acquired LD

assessments for right brain damage (2)

A

MIRBI-2:mini inventory of right brain injury :: RIPA-2:ross information processing assessment

82
Q

acquired LD

circumlocusions (2)

A

naming errors produced by elders, they are able to provide semantic information but unable to name the target

83
Q

acquired LD

MCI (3)

A

mild cognitive impairment, subtle but measurable memory disorder, considered a prodrome state (pre syndrome) to alzheimer’s or another form of dementia

84
Q

acquired LD

dementia (1)

A

a progressive neurological disorder affecting multiple cognitive domains (memory, language, visuospatial skills, executive functions, behavior)

85
Q

acquired LD

DSM-IV criteria for alzheimer’s (4)

A

impaired memory, at least one other impaired cognitive domain, the disorder must impair work or social functioning, the disorder must be progressive

86
Q

acquired LD

treatment themes for dementia (2)

A

treat cognition and language in the early and middle stages, treat dysphagia in the later stages

87
Q

acquired LD

MMSE (3)

A

mini-mental state exam, commonly used for assessment of cognitive dysfunction in adults, test measures: orientation to time/place, concentration, memory, language

88
Q

acquired LD

ABCD (2)

A

arizona battery for communicative disorders of dementia, a comprehensive assessment tool using 17 subtests including: story retell, following commands, word learning, reading comprehension, naming

89
Q

acquired LD

AD (4)

A

alzheimer’s dementia, a dementia syndrome and leading cause of dementia in adults, average duration from onset to death is 8-15 years, disorder of the protein tau (tauopathy)

90
Q

acquired LD

VaD (4)*

A

vascular dementia, second most common form of dementia, a dementia syndrome caused by severe cerebrovascular disease impairing multiple cognitive domains, subset of a larger syndrome called vascular cognitive impairment (VCI)

*memory impairment is not always seen, not always progressive, may co-occur with alzheimer’s

91
Q

acquired LD

binswanger’s disease (2)

A

etiologic subtype of vascular dementia, multiple small infarcts in the subcortical white matter usually related to severe hypertension

92
Q

acquired LD

lacunar state (2)

A

etiologic subtype of vascular dementia, multiple small infarcts in subcortical regions of the: basal ganglia, thalamus, midbrain or brain stem

93
Q

acquired LD

CADASIL (2)

A

cerebral autosomal dominant anteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy, etiologic subtype of vascular dementia that is inherited

94
Q

acquired LD

FTD (3)*

A

frontotemporal dementia, findings of brain atrophy in the frontal and temporal lobes, a group of neurogenerative disorders that includes: primary progressive aphasia, pick’s disease and a non aphasic frontal dementia syndrome

*also: circumscribed cerebral atrophy, lobar atrophy, progressive subcortical gloss, corticodentatonigral degeneration, frontal lobe degeneration, semantic dementia, corticobasal degeneration, dementia lacking distinctive histopathology (DLDH), dementia with motor neuron disease (MND), primary progressive apraxia

95
Q

acquired LD

three major clinical variants of FTD

A

frontal dementia, semantic progressive aphasia, progressive nonfluent aphasia

96
Q

acquired LD

frontal variant FTD (1)

A

frontal dementia characterized by: disinhibition, poor impulse control, apathy and antisocial behavior

97
Q

acquired LD

FTD symptoms (6)

A

executive function impairments, spared memory compared to AD, stereotypical/ritualized behaviors, use of sterotypyies (catch phrases), preference for sweet foods, elements of kluver-bucy syndrome (increased sexual activity, hyperorality, apathy and placidity)

98
Q

acquired LD

PPA (2)

A

primary progressive aphasia (includes semantic dementia, progressive nonfluent aphasia and logopenic/phonological PPA), progressive language disturbance is the main clinical finding

99
Q

acquired LD

PD (4)

A

parkinson’s disease, a significant movement and neurodegenerative disorder, caused by dysfunctions in brain regions that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine, often includes hypokinetic dysarthria

100
Q

acquired LD

DLB (2)

A

dementia with lewy bodies, a disorder caused by dysfunctions in brain regions that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine

101
Q

acquired LD

treatment of communication in people with neurodegenerative syndromes (2)

A

includes pharmacological treatments and medical treatments for people with dementia, cognitive-communication interventions: AAC, memory books, simulated presence therapy, group reminiscence therapy, spaced-retrieval training (SRT – training memory associations), caregiver-administered active cognitive stimulation, educating caregivers on alzheimer’s disease and training communication strategies, computer-assisted cognitive interventions (CACIs), montessori-based interventions

102
Q

MSDs

relevant terms (5)

A

motor speech disorder (MSD), apraxia of speech (AOS), childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), developmental dysarthria (DD), childhood dysarthria (CD)

103
Q

MSDs

dysarthrias (1)

A

a group of speech disorders associated with an impairment to motor speech control and execution processes resulting from damage to the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and.or central nervous system (CNS)

104
Q

MSDs

anarthria (2)

A

aka anorthic mutism, the inability to speak due to severe impairment to motor speech control and execution processes as a result of damage to the PNS and/or CNS

105
Q

MSDs

AOS (5)

A

apraxia of speech, neurogenic speech disorder associated with impairment to motor planning and/or motor programming, lesion(s) to the frontal or parietal lobe of the left cerebral hemisphere, lack of neuromuscular impairment, often coexists with aphasia, deficits in: articulation, rate and prosody

106
Q

MSDs

CAS (3)*

A

childhood apraxia of speech, a neurological pediatric speech sound disorder in which the precision and consistency of movements underlying speech are impaired in absence of neuromuscular deficits, core impairment in planning and/or programming spatiotemporal parameters of movement sequences resulting in errors in speech sound production and prosody

*controversial, no apparent lesion site discovered

107
Q

MSDs

assessment areas of MSDs (6)

A

naturalness, speech intelligibility, speaking rate, efficiency, articulation adequacy, motor planning/programming

108
Q

MSDs

assessments of articulation adequacy

A

PIT:phoneme intelligibility test :: PCT:phonetic contrast test

109
Q

MSDs

ABA-2 (2)

A

apraxia battery for adults-2, differentiates performance between: AOS, aphasia and dysarthria

110
Q

MSDs

principle standardized measures of CAS (4)

A

KSPT:kaufman speech praxis test for children :: STDAS-2:screening test for developmental apraxia of speech-2 :: VMPAC:verbal motor production assessment for children :: the apraxia profile (differential diagnosis of CAS)

111
Q

MSDs

nonstandardized measures of CAS (2)

A

motor speech examination for children (similar to motor speech examination for apraxia), assessment of children with developmental apraxia of speech

112
Q

MSDs

neuroplasticity (4)

A

reorganization of the nervous system through transfer of restored or new behavior to spared parts of the system, can be adaptive or maladaptive, can occur immediately or slowly, influenced by type of experience (high demands of specific tasks in rich environments) and timing of experience (younger systems are more plastic)

113
Q

MSDs

motor learning principles (6)

A

precursors to learning (establishing motivation, setting specific instructions), massed (drill) and distributed (intermittent short breaks) practice schedules, type and amount of feedback, implicit and explicit learning, specificity of training, intensive practice

114
Q

MSDs

KR vs KP

A

knowledge of results (feedback describing degree of success) :: knowledge of performance (feedback describing quality)

115
Q

MSDs

treatments for improving respiratory support (4)

A

non speech tasks, postural adjustments, prosthetics, speech treatments

116
Q

MSDs

physical strategies for treating hypoadduction (3)

A

used to improve phonatory function, strategies: effortful closure, postural adjustments, physical manipulation

117
Q

MSDs

LSVT for treating hypoadduction (3)

A

lee silverman voice treatment, application go huh-effort tasks to increase loudness and improve vocal fold function, also used for individuals with idiopathic parkinson’s disease

118
Q

MSDs

treatments for hyperadduction (2)

A

non speech (relaxation, biofeedback), speech (tension-reducing strategies, biofeedback, head positioning, improving phonatory coordination impairments, AAC)

119
Q

MSDs

treatments of the velopharyngeal subsystem (3)

A

surgical (pharyngeal flap, teflon injections or surgical implants into the posterior pharyngeal wall), prosthetic (palatal lift for those with velopharyngeal weakness, minor devices such as nose clips or nasal obturators), behavioral (resistance treatments, biofeedback, non speech tasks)

120
Q

MSDs

treatments of the articulatory subsystem (6)

A

strengthening, reducing muscle tone, traditional approaches (integral stimulation, phonetic placement, phonetic derivation), surgical (neural anastomosis which involves surgically attaching a healthy nerve to a damaged nerve), pharmacological (botulinum toxin “botox” injections), prosthetic (bite block)

121
Q

MSDs

treatment overview of AOS (3)

A

target reestablishing motor planning and programming, use principals of motor learning, major goal is to: improve naturalness, effectiveness and efficiency, with a focus on articulation and prosody

122
Q

MSDs

treatment overview of CAOS (3)

A

focus of therapy is to develop/improve motor planning and/or programming skills for speech sound production and prosody, pay attention to other deficit areas (language phonology, phonological awareness, literacy), consider other processing deficits (cognition, attention)

PRAXIS EXAM (5 decks)

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