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Neuroendocrine > Hypothalamic and Pituitary relations part 1 > Flashcards

Hypothalamic and Pituitary relations part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

A

Hypophysial stalk (infundibulum)

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2
Q

What type of connection does the hypothalamus have to the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Neural signal

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3
Q

What type of connection does the hypothalamus have to the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Neural and hormonal (endocrine) signals

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4
Q

Another name for the pituitary gland

A

Hypophysis

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5
Q

What are the initial signs of a pituitary gland tumor?

A

Dizziness and visual problems because it compresses the optic nerves

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6
Q

What are the nuclei in the hypothalamus that send axons to the posterior pituitary?

A

Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

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7
Q

What do the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei in the hypothalamus send down their axons to the posterior pituitary for it to release?

A

ADH and Oxytocin

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8
Q

What do the hypothalamic neurons use to send releasing-hormones or release-inhibiting hormones to the anterior pituitary?

A

Hypothalamic-hypophysial portal vessels (blood)

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9
Q

Once the releasing hormones or release-inhibiting hormones reach the anterior pituitary, what do they do?

A

They either stimulate or inhibit the release of anterior pituitary hormones

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10
Q

Corticotrophs

A

ACTH

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11
Q

Thyrotrophs

A

TSH

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12
Q

Gonadotrophs

A

FSH and LH

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13
Q

Somatotrophs

A

GH

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14
Q

Lactotrophs

A

Prolactin

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15
Q

Primary endocrine disorders affect?

A

Peripheral gland

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16
Q

Secondary endocrine disorders affect?

A

Pituitary gland

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17
Q

Tertiary endocrine disorders affect?

A

Hypothalamus

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18
Q

HPG axis

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary-Gonadal axis

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19
Q

What does the hypothalamus release to the anterior pituitary for the HPG axis?

A

GnRH

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20
Q

What does the anterior pituitary release to the testes for the HPG axis?

A

LH and FSH

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21
Q

For the HPG axis for Testes, LH stimulates _____ to release _____

A

Leydig cells to release Testosterone

22
Q

For the HPG axis for Testes, FSH stimulates ______ to perform _________

A

Sertoli cells to perform spermatogenesis

23
Q

What can sertoli cells produce to inhibit FSH release from the anterior pituitary?

A

Inhibin

24
Q

Testosterone has a negative feedback loop at what locations?

A

Anterior pituitary (LH) and Hypothalamus (GnRH)

25
Q

For the HPG axis for Ovaries, LH stimulates ____ to release _____

A

Theca cells to release Androgens

26
Q

For the HPG axis for Ovaries, FSH stimulates ______ to release ______

A

Granulosa cells to release progestins and estrogens

27
Q

What can granulosa cells produce to inhibit FSH release from the anterior pituitary?

A

Inhibin

28
Q

For the negative feedback pathway in the Ovaries, what can have a negative feedback loop at what locations?

A

Progestins and Estrogens can have a negative feedback loop at the Anterior pituitary and at the Hypothalamus levels

29
Q

Leydig cells and Theca cells activate or release androgens that do what?

A

Stimulate the roles of the Sertoli cells and the Granulosa cells

30
Q

For the GH axis, what does the Hypothalamus release?

A 
Either GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone) OR
GHIH (growth hormone inhibiting hormone)
31
Q

Once the hypothalamus releases GHRH to the anterior pituitary it releases GH to where?

A

Either directly to the bones and soft tissue or to the liver

32
Q

What does the liver release in response to GH?

A

IGF-1

33
Q

What does IGF-1 do?

A

Stimulates growth of bone and soft tissue

34
Q

What types of feedback does IGF-1 contain?

A

(+) stimulates GHIH which then inhibits GH release

(-) inhibits GH release directly at anterior pituitary

35
Q

GH has negative feedback where?

A

At the hypothalamus to inhibit GHRH

36
Q

GH secretion fluctuates throughout the day, when is it at its highest?

A

During sleep and during exercise

37
Q

GH secretion fluctuates throughout a lifetime, describe it.

A

GH secretion increases until it reaches a peak during puberty and then slowly declines with old age

38
Q

What can excessive GH lead to?

A

Gigantism or acromegaly

39
Q

Excessive GH BEFORE closure of bone epiphyses

A

Gigantism

40
Q

Excessive GH AFTER closure of bone epiphyses

A

Acromegaly

41
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

Excessive growth of soft tissue - large hand, large feet, large head – cartilagenous tissues

42
Q

INCREASED GH released from anterior pituitary due to decreased or lost IGF-1 feedback

A

Primary GH deficiency because it affects the liver

43
Q

DECREASED GH released from anterior pituitary

A

Secondary GH deficiency

44
Q

DECREASED GHRH released from hypothalamus

A

Tertiary GH deficiency

45
Q

Increased carb intake and increased protein intake does what to the GH axis?

A

Liver produces IGF-1 for growth

46
Q

Increased carb intake and decreased protein intake does what to the GH axis?

A

Inhibits GH and Liver will NOT produce IGF-1 and this results in weight gain

47
Q

Decreased carb intake and increased protein intake does what to the GH axis?

A

Produces lots of GH and promotes lipolysis yet, insulin insensitivity

48
Q

When the hypothalamus releases dopamine to the anterior pituitary what does it do?

A

It inhibits the anterior pituitary and allows release of Prolactin

49
Q

Prolactin is increased with pregnancy and can negatively inhibit what?

A

GnRH in order to stop menstrual cycles

50
Q

How is oxytocin packaged?

A

Prepro-oxyphysin is put into vesicles as pro-oxyphysin in the hypothalamus and is then sent to the posterior pituitary to be released as Oxytocin

51
Q

What are the main actions of oxytocin?

A

Milk letdown for breast feeding and Uterine contraction during childbirth

Neuroendocrine (47 decks)

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