Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the extrapyramidal system?

A

Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, dorsal thalamus

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2
Q

What does the extrapyramidal system do?

A

Initiate movement

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3
Q

What is included in the basal ganglia?

A

Cerebral cortex, caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, thalami, subthalami, susbtantia nigra

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4
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the substantia nigra?

A

Pars reticularis and Pars compacta

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5
Q

What does the pars reticularis do?

A

Sends efferent neurons that release GABA and serotonin

- Does not contain melanin

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6
Q

What does the pars compacta do?

A

Neurons contain melanin and dopamine

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7
Q

What part of the susbtantia nigra degenerates with Parkinson’s disease?

A

Pars compacta

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8
Q

What are the motor nuclei of the thalamus?

A

Ventral anterior and ventral lateral (VA and VL)

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9
Q

What all degenerates with Parkinson’s?

A

Substantia nigra, globus pallidus, upper brainstem

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of Parkinson’s?

A

Bradykinesia, tremor during rest, rigidity, masked face and glabellar reflex, postural embarrassment

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11
Q

What causes Huntington’s Chorea?

A

Loss of inhibition from GABAnergic neurons or degeneration of the corpus striatum/cerebral cortex

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12
Q

What is the pathway of inheritance for Huntington’s Chorea?

A

Autosomal Dominant

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of Huntington’s Chorea?

A

Dementia, behavioral disturbances, chorea

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14
Q

What is chorea?

A

Sudden, irregular, jerky and purposeless movements

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of hemiballism?

A

CONTRALATERAL wild, violent, flailing of UE and LE

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16
Q

What can cause hemiballism?

A

Unilateral lesions of subthalamus

Loss of glutamate inhibition upon globus pallidus

17
Q

What is Athetosis?

A

Slow, involuntary, writhing movements of limbs and face

18
Q

What causes Athetosis?

A

Degeneration of striatum

19
Q

What is hemichorea?

A

Unilateral chorea movements

20
Q

What causes hemichorea?

A

Vascular lesion in basal ganglia

21
Q

What are the functions of the basal ganglia?

A

To start, stop or modulate movement

22
Q

What is the function of the direct pathway?

A

Increase motor activity

23
Q

What is the function of the indirect pathway?

A

Decrease unwanted motor activity

24
Q

What is the purpose of the nigrostriatal pathway?

A

Modulation of direct/indirect pathways

25
Q

What effect do nigrostriatal fibers have and if destroyed what occurs?

A

Excitatory - Parkinson’s

26
Q

What effect to striatonigral fibers have and if destroyed what occurs?

A

GABAnergic (inhibitory) - Huntingtons Chorea