Human Anatomy Joints - intro

Question 1

Rigid elements of the skeleton meet at ______ or __________.

Answer 1

joints

articulations

Question 2

Articulations can be of what form? (3)

Answer 2

Bone to bone
Bone to cartilage
Teeth in bony sockets

Question 3

The structure of joints enables resistance to ______, _____ and other forces.

Answer 3

Crushing

tearing

Question 4

How are joints classififed?

Answer 4

Functionally, by the amount of movement allowed.

Structurally by the material that binds bones together and, the presence/absence of a joint cavity.

Question 5

What are the different functional classifications of joints?

Answer 5

Synarthroses - immovable
Amphiarthroses - slightly movable
Diarthroses - freely movable

Question 6

Synarthroses are common where?

Answer 6

Axial skeleton

Question 7

Amphiarthroses are common where?

Answer 7

Axial skeleton

Question 8

Diarthroses are common where.

All _______ joints are diarthroses.

Answer 8

Appendicular skeleton

Synovial

Question 9

What are the different structural classifications of joints?

Answer 9

Fibrous - fibers connect bones
Cartilaginous - collagen connects bones
Synovial - most of appendicular skeleton

Question 10

What are the different types of fibrous joints? Classify them functionally as well.

Answer 10

Sutures - synarthrotic
Syndesmoses - amphiarthrotic
Gomphoses - synarthrotic

Question 11

The junction of sutures is completely filled with ______ (CT) and _____

Answer 11

dense regular and collagen

Question 12

Sutures link the bones of the _____ and allow for ______.

Answer 12

Skull

growth

Question 13

In syndesmoses, bones are connected by ______.

Answer 13

ligament

Question 14

Ligament is composed of ______ (CT)

Answer 14

dense regular

Question 15

The amount of movement alloted by a a syndesmoses is based on what? Give an example for both.

Answer 15

Length of the ligament fibres.
Short - less movement
ex: ligament between tibia and fibular
Long - more movement
ex: interosseous membrane between radius and ulna

Question 16

Gomphoses are ___-_____ fibrous joints.

Where are these located?

Answer 16

Peg-in-socket

Periodontal ligament, holds teeth in jaw

Question 17

Ligaments are composed of what type of CT?

Answer 17

Dense regular

Question 18

What are the different cartilaginous joints?

Describe them functionally.

Answer 18

Synchondroses - synarthrotic

symphyses.- amphiarthrotic

Question 19

Describe synchondroses. Where are they located?

Answer 19

Bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones.
Not movable.
Location: epiphyseal plate

Question 20

Describe symphyses and where they are located?

Answer 20

Fibrocartilage unites bones - resists tension and compression.
Hyaline cartilage still present in form of articular cartilage.
Slightly movable, provides strength and flexibility.
Found in the midline of the body: intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

Question 21

In the ribs, which joints are synchondroses. What are the rest?

Answer 21

Joint between the first rib and sternum is immovable and is a synchondrosis.
The rest are diarthrotic and considered to be synovial joints.

Question 22

Describe the basic characteristics (not the general structure) of synovial joints.

Answer 22

Freely movable - diarthrotic
most movable joint type
each contains a fluid-filled joint cavity

Question 23

What is the general structure of synovial joints?

Answer 23

1 - Articular cartilage
2 - Joint (synovial) cavity
3 - Articular capsule
4 - Synovial fluid
5 - Reinforcing ligaments

Question 24

Describe articular cartilage in a joint?

Answer 24

Hyaline cartilage covers opposing bone surfaces to absorb compressive forces.

Question 25

What is a joint cavity

Answer 25

Space containing synovial fluid

Question 26

Describe an articular capsule.
What are the two layers?
Where are they found?
What is their function?

Answer 26

Two-layered capsule enclosing the joint cavity.
Fibrous capsule and synovial membrane.
Lines the joint capsule and covers the internal joint surface.
Functions to make synovial fluid.

Question 27

What is the first layer (outer) of an articular capsule? What composes it?

Answer 27

Fibrous layer, made up of dense irregular connective tissue.

Question 28

What is the inner layer of an articular capsule?

What composes it?

Answer 28

Synovial membrane, made up of areolar CT.

Question 29

Why is the inner layer areolar CT?

Why is the outer layer dense irregular CT?

Answer 29

Inner layer is areolar since synovial fluid is a filtrate of blood, goes through areolar into the cavity.
Dense irregular to withstand tension and compression in different directions.

Question 30

Describe synovial fluid.
Where is it found?
What functions does it serve?

Answer 30

Viscous fluid resembling white of egg.
Found in joint cavity within the articular cartilage
Lubricates and reduces friction between cartilages and, brings nutrients to the articular cartilages.

Question 31

What are capsular ligaments?

Answer 31

Thickened part of fibrous capsule.

Can be intra or extracapsular ligaments.

Question 32

How does synovial get cycled in and out of the capsule?

Answer 32

As we squeeze the joint, synovial fluid absorbs back into the capsule and, once the pressure is gone, will return to the cavity.

Question 33

What is one reason for warming up?

Answer 33

After sleep, synovial fluid is viscous so, warming up cycles it and makes it more fluid.

Question 34

Synovial joints are richly supplied with sensory nerves, these function to?

Answer 34

Detect pain

Monitor how much the capsule is being stretched.

Question 35

Synovial joints have a rich blood supply. Most of these supply the ______ ______. Extensive capillary beds produce the basis of ________ _____.

Answer 35

Synovial membrane

Synovial fluid

Question 36

Describe rheumatoid arthritis.

Answer 36

Autoimmune disease.
Attacks the joint capsule and synovial membrane.
This leads to formation of lackluster amount of fluid, causing swelling.
This reduces the space in the synovial cavity, reducing freedom of movement.

Question 37

Describe osteoarthritis.

Who is majorly affected?

Answer 37

Cartilage deteriorating and get bone on bone grinding.
Present in older people.
Wear and tear on joints ensues and is painful.