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Human Anatomy > PNS and ANS > Flashcards

PNS and ANS Flashcards

1
Q

PNS:
Sensory inputs and motor outputs are categorized as what?
Sensory inputs are also classified as what?

A

Somatic or visceral

General or special

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2
Q

Structural components of the CNS:

  • ______ _______ - pick up stimuli
  • ______ ______ - axon terminals of motor neurons
  • _____ - bundles of peripheral axons
  • _____ - clusters of peripheral neuronal cell bodies
A

sensory neurons
motor endings
nerves
ganglia

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3
Q

Draw out the functional organization of the PNS chart.

A

Refer to notes.

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4
Q

How are sensory receptors classified functionally?

A

By location and by the type of stimulus detected.

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5
Q

What do peripheral sensory receptors detect?

A

Sensory stimuli

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6
Q

What are the different location based classifications of peripheral sensory recetpors?

A

Exteroceptors - stimuli outside the body

Interoceptors - stimuli from internal viscera
(aka visceroceptors)

proprioceptors - monitor degree of stretch

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7
Q

Where would exteroceptors be located? What do they detect?

A

Near or at body surface

Detect touch, pressure, pain, temperature most of special sense organs.

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8
Q

Where would interoceptors be located?

What do they detect?

A

internal viscera

detect temperature, taste, stretching of tissue (stomach)

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9
Q

Where would proprioceptors be located?

A

musculoskeletal organs

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10
Q

What are the different subdivisions of the stimulus detected classification of peripheral sensory nerves?

A

Mechanoreceptors - mechanical force - touch, pressure

Thermoreceptors - temp

Chemoreceptors - chemical composition of blood

Photoreceptors - light

Nociceptors - pain

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11
Q

If talking about sensory receptors that detects stretch in the stomach, what is it called?

A

Interoceptor mechanoreceptor

have to use both classifications

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12
Q

How are spinal nerves named?

How many pairs are there?

A

For point of issue from the spinal cord:
ex: cervical nerves (c1-C8)
31

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13
Q

What is a plexus?

A

Bundle of nerves

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14
Q

What are enlargements?

A

Nerve groups that supply the limbs (cervical and lumbar)

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15
Q

Spinal nerve arrangement:

  • Spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord as a series of small ______
  • These converge to form the ______ and ______ roots
  • the roots join to form a mixed nerve called the _____ ______ _____
  • this branches into the ______ ______ and ______ ______
A

rootlets
dorsal and ventral root
spinal nerve trunk
dorsal ramus and ventral ramus

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16
Q

What does the dorsal root contain?
The ventral root?
What do both the dorsal and ventral ramus contain?

A

Dorsal root - incoming sensory nerve fibres
Ventral root - outgoing motor nerve fibres

Ramus
- contains sensory and motor nerve fibres

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17
Q

Why is it a dorsal root ganglion? (i.e. why not ventral)

A

Unipolar is sensory - so cell bodies are in the PNS

Multipolar for motor - dendrites close to cell body, located in CNS

18
Q

ANS controls ______ _____ functions

A

visceral motor

19
Q

The ANS regulates ______ visceral functions (visceral motor division) such as what?
What does it innervate?

A

unsconscious
- heart rate, digestion, blood pressure, urination
Glands, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

20
Q

Give the chart from PNS onwards.

A

PNS

  • Sensory
    • somatic
    • visceral
  • Motor
    • somatic
    • visceral = ANS
  • – Sympa
  • – Parasympa
21
Q

Comparison of motor systems:

Somatic vs. autonomic.

A

Somatic motor

  • one motor neuron* from CNS to skeletal muscle
  • conscious*
  • axons well myelinated*, conduct impulses rapidly

Autonomic
- two motor neurons*
– preganglionic in brain or spinal cord and,
– postganglionic
(pre and post)
Conduction is slower due to:
- thinly myelinated or unmyelinated axons*
- motor neurons synapse in a ganglion (two synapses*, slows down impulse conduction)

22
Q

In the sympathetic nervous system, what can the preganglionic fibres synapse on?

A

Postganglionic fibre or adrenal medulla

23
Q

What are the two divisions of the ANS?

A

Mostly innervate same structures but opposite functions:
Sympathetic - fight or flight
Parasympathetic - rest and digest

24
Q

Describe some responses to dangerous or exciting situations from the sympathetic system.

A

Widening of pupils, cold skin, sweating, inhibition of non-essential functions.

25
Q

Which organs have only sympathetic stimulation?

A

sweat glands, adrenal medulla, arrector pili and blood vessels.

26
Q

What are the housekeeping activities of the parasympathetic division?

A

SLUDD

  • Salivation
  • Lacrimation
  • Urination
  • Digestion
  • Defecation
27
Q

Which dominates, sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

Para

28
Q

Why do we get a lump in our throat when crying?

A

As a result of stress, trigger sympathetic, tries to circulate more air while triggering lacrimation
- as starting to cry, breathe faster
but, tears and mucus make us swallow more but the muscles are constricted here, causing a lump in our throat.

29
Q

Parasympathetic will ____ the size of the pupil, sympathetic will _______ it.

A

decrease

increase

30
Q

What are the anatomical differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic.

A

1 - Arise from different regions of the CNS

    • S - thoracolumbar
    • P - craniosacral

2 - Length of postganglionic neurons

  • S - long
  • P - short

3 - Branching of axons

  • S - highly branched (many organs)
  • P - few branches (localized effect)
31
Q

Role of the adrenal medulla:

  • major organ of the _______ nervous system
  • constitutes largest sympathetic ______
  • secretes both _______ and _______
A

sympathetic
ganglia
norepineprhine and epineprhine

32
Q

Describe the differences between innervation by the sympathetic and parasympathetic on the following structures:

  • eye
  • systemic blood vessels
  • heart
  • stomach, SI, LI
  • ureter + bladder
A

Eye

  • S - pupil dilates
  • P - pupil constricted

Systemic blood vessels
- only sympathetic stimulation

Heart

  • S - increase HR
  • P - return HR to normal

Stomach, SI, LI
S - inhibit peristalsis, absorption and secretion
P - increased absorption, secretion and peristalsis

Ureter and bladder
S - inhibit detrusor muscle contraction + contraction of external urethral sphincter
P - contract detrusor, inhibit contraction of external urethral sphincter

33
Q

What do general visceral sensory neurons monitor?

A

Stretch, temperature, chemical changes and irritation

34
Q

Where are the cell bodies of visceral sensory neurons located?

A

Dorsal root ganglion

35
Q

Where is the visceral sensory cortex located?

A

Insula

36
Q

What sensory input does the insula receive?

A

General sensory input from thoracic and abdominal viscera

and gustation via thalamus

37
Q

Which sense does not go to the insula?

A

Olfaction, sent to temporal lobe instead

38
Q

Any incoming sensory information goes through what first?

What is the exception?

A

thalamus

olfaction

39
Q

Visceral pain

  • ___ pain results when visceral organs are cut
  • _____ to localize
  • visceral paint results from _____ irritation, _______ or spasms
  • Visceral pain is often perceived to be of _____ origin
  • this is called _______ pain
A

no
hard
chemical irritation, spasms, inflammation
somatic origin for visceral pain = referred pain

40
Q

What is an example of referred pain?

A

Heart attack - feel in left limb or lower jaw
- either cuz sensory fibres and motor fibres enter/exit same place
or vasoconstriction of vessels supplying somatic region

41
Q

Draw out the diagram with the different PNS divisions and cortexes of each.

A

Refer to notes

Human Anatomy (53 decks)

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