Extra stuff from SOS

Question 1

Describe scoliosis, kyphosis and lordosis.

Answer 1

Kyphosis - hunchback
Lordosis - Pregnant lady
Scoliosis - fucked

Question 2

What is the only mobile bone of the skull?

Answer 2

Mandible

Question 3

Sutures are immovable joints.
The _______ suture connects both parietal bones.
The ________ suture connects the frontal and parietal bones anteriorly.
The ______ suture connects the parietal bones to the occipital bone.
The _______ suture connects temporal to parietal.

Answer 3

Sagittal

Frontal

Lambdoid

Squamous

Question 4

How many curvatures does a baby have? An Adult?
What are primary curves?
What are secondary curves.

Answer 4

A baby has two curvatures, looks like a C.
An adult has 4 main curvatures.
Primary curves are those retained from birth.
- Thoracic and sacrococcygeal
Secondary curves are those that develop after birth.
- Cervical, when child holds head up
- Lumbar - when child begins to walk

Question 5

What is a slipped disk?

Answer 5

Nucleus pulposus projects through anulus fibrosus

Question 6

What is a sprain?

Answer 6

Tear in the ligament

Question 7

What is a strain?

Answer 7

Tearing of muscle (or tendon)

Question 8

Blood cells are formed in the ___ _____ _____. Fat is stored in the ______ ______ _____.

Answer 8

Red bone marrow

Yellow bone marrow

Question 9

Why is the anatomical position good for X-rays?

Answer 9

When thumbs are turned in, the radius and ulna are crossed.

Question 10

What are the pros of X-ray?

What are the cons?

Answer 10

Pros:

• Good for viewing bones and dense tissues (tumours)
• Cheap
• Quick

Cons:

• Radiation
• 2D

Question 11

What are the pros and cons of CT scans?

Answer 11

Pros:

• 3D
• cheap
• quick
• good for viewing bones and dense tissues

Cons:
- higher radiation

Question 12

What are the pros and cons of PET?

Answer 12

Pros:

• can view function
• good for finding tumours

Cons:

• radiation
• involves injections

Question 13

What are the pros and cons of ultrasound?

Answer 13

Pros:

• Safe
• Quick
• cheap

Cons:

• poor quality images
• 2D
• obstructions block deeper view

Question 14

What are the pros and cons of MRI?

Answer 14

Pros:

• very good contrast between soft tissues
• high quality images

Cons:

• very expensive
• very time consuming
• metal implants = no go

Question 15

Describe the different degrees of burns.

Answer 15

1st - degree - only epidermis affected - ex: sunburn
2nd degree - epidermis and upper layer of dermis are affected
3rd degree - epidermis and dermis are consumed
4th degree - reaches underlying muscle and bone - require skin grafts

Question 16

Compare and contrast bone and cartilage.

Answer 16

Similarities:

• both are connective tissues
• chondrocytes and osteocytes, cells responsible for the metabolism of the respective tissues, lie in lacunae
• both share a common embryonic origin
• both are made up of cells embedded in an extracellular matrix
• both function, in some way, in support, protection and movement

Differences:

• bones is highly vascular, cartilage is avascular
• Periosteum has nerve endings, cartilage does not
• bones have a solid ground substance, cartilage has a gel-like ground substance
• bone is stronger than cartilage

Question 17

What are true ribs, which ones are they?
What are false ribs? Which ones are they?
What are floating ribs?
Which ones are they?

Answer 17

True ribs: The first seven ribs are attached directly to the sternum by costal cartilages.
False ribs: the next five ribs do not join the sternum directly but attach to the 7th rib by cartilage.
Floating ribs: 11th and 12th ribs are not attached to the sternum or to another rib. (no ventral attachment)

Question 18

What is the nucleus pulposus?

Answer 18

gelatinous inner sphere of intervertebral disc.

Enables spine to absorb compressive stresses.

Question 19

What is the anulus fibrosus?

Answer 19

Wraps around the nucleus pulposus.
Consists of an outer collar of ligaments and fibrocartilage
Functions to bind vertebrae together, resist tension on the spine and absorb compressive forces.