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A&P > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Ligaments

A

connective tissue that connects bone to bone (ACL, Patellar, MCL)

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2
Q

Tendons

A

connective tissue that connects muscle to bones (Achilles)

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3
Q

Sarcomere

A

the smallest individual functional part of skeletal muscle. They contract when Ca++ enters them.

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4
Q

Myofibril

A

long strands of sarcomeres attached from end to end.

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5
Q

Muscle Fiber (cell)

A

a group of myofibrils wrapped together and surrounded by a membrane

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6
Q

Fasciculous

A

multiple muscle cells wrapped with some connective tissue

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7
Q

Effector

A

target for neural stimuli. The skeletal muscle is an example of an effector.

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8
Q

epimysium

A

the most outer connective tissue layer that holds fascicles together.

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9
Q

motor unit

A

made up of a motor neuron and muscle fibers that the motor neuron innervates. (skeletal muscle connections only)

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10
Q

motor neuron

A

a single neuron that innervates a motor unit

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11
Q

Type 1 Muscle

A

“dark meat” muscle that is used for high amounts of force for a long time. (increased mitochondria/myoglobin) legs are example

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12
Q

Type 2 Muscle

A

“white meat” muscle that is used for smaller/twitching movements. it weighs less, uses less oxygen/energy. (decreased mitochondria, very few myoglobin) ocular muscles are example.

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13
Q

Sarcolemna

A

covering of the muscle fibers

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14
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

the interior fluid of muscle cells.

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15
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

skeletal muscle version of the cellular ER (yellowish material). Expands the entire length of the muscle tissue, container/storage for Ca++.

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16
Q

transverse tubules

A

portions of the muscle cell wall that run into parts of the skeletal muscle (spreads depolarization action potential)

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17
Q

myosin

A

a fibrous protein that forms (together with actin) the contractile filaments of muscle cells; wrapped/twisted together to form heavy filaments (thick)

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18
Q

actin

A

a protein that forms (together with myosin) the contractile filaments of muscle cells. (thin)

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19
Q

Z Disc

A

band where active filaments are wrapped around each other (located on opposite sides of the sarcomeres); gap between thick/thin bands

20
Q

A band

A

regions between the light bands (I bands). Both actin and myosin are present.

21
Q

H zone/band

A

right in the middle of the I band (if there is one); contains only myosin

22
Q

I band

A

light band that contains only actin.

23
Q

Myosin Head

A

ends of the myosin chain that contain ATPase activity to pull the thin (actin) filaments during a stimuli.

24
Q

Myofibril contraction

A 
A band = no change
I bands = shrink
H bands = disappear
Z disc = move closer together
Muscles decreases in overall length (contracts)
25
Q

Sliding filament mechanism

A

where the thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments slide in between each other generating force.

26
Q

Troponin I

A

protein on an actin filament that binds to F-actin and Troponin C

27
Q

Troponin T

A

protein on an actin filament that binds to tropomyosin and Tropomyosin C

28
Q

Troponin C

A

Protein that binds troponin I & T and has a receptor site for Ca++ binding.

29
Q

perijunctional zone

A

area of skeletal muscle closes to the NMJ. contains Na+/K+ voltage gated channels.

30
Q

extro/post junctional zone

A

area of skeletal muscle farthest from the NMJ. (largest area of the muscle is in this zone)

31
Q

dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor

A

V-G Ca++ channel “gate” receptor that open to release Ca++ into the cell. action potential opens them, repolarization closes them.

32
Q

S.E.R.C.A. pump

A

sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca++ ATPase pump. it moves Ca++ back into the SR via ATP.

33
Q

Isotonic system

A

muscle is under a constant load but stretched to a different degree (passive tension change)

34
Q

isometric system

A

unchanged total muscle length under different amounts of load.

35
Q

supra maximal stimulus

A

stimulus given to innervate a nerve (via TOF). <50mA

36
Q

NDMR

A

Non-depolarizing muscle relaxants. induce paralysis by blocking ACh binding. examples (vecuronium, rocuronium) shuts down all ACh receptors and effects are seen in both sides of the synapse.

37
Q

SNARE/SNAP proteins

A

proteins in the presynaptic vesicle that help promote exocytosis.

38
Q

Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (L.E.M.S.)

A

body produces antibodies to P-type Ca++ channels. Less Ca++ enters the presynaptic motor neuron so less ACh is produced. Treatments (K+ channel blockers, treat Lung CA).

39
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

Antibodies attack nACh-R making them dysfunctional/destroyed decreasing NMJ function. Increased inflammation forms scar tissue. Treatment is steroids, ACh-esterase inhibitor.

40
Q

Malignant Hyperthermia

A

increase in body temperature as the result of an anesthetic. Uncontrolled Ca++ release by channels after Sux administration which causes muscle contractions generating heat. Treatment: don’t give anesthetics.

41
Q

NDMR reversal agents

A

most common (neostigmine and phyridostigmine) inhibits ACh-esterase increasing ACh and unblocking the synapse. (PNS mostly). K+ blockers and Sugammadex are other classes look at these)

42
Q

Immature (low-conductance channel)

A

these infant ACh channels don’t allow Na+ to pass through quickly (but allow more in) and open for longer. All along skeletal muscle in: infancy, stroke (immobility), and DM.

43
Q

mature (high-conductance) channel

A

ACh channels located in the NMJ made up of 5 sub units (2 of them are alpha), open fast Na+ channels. formed during developing years.

44
Q

Neuronal nACh-receptor channels

A

channels made up of 5 alpha-7 subunits with a higher ACh affinity because of the 5 alpha subunits. formed after severe burns (in extrajunctional space like immature)

45
Q

Alpha-3/Beat-2 ACh receptors (auto-receptors)

A

located in the motor neuron that cause more ACh available causing VP-1 to move to cell surface resulting in more VP-2 vesicles releasing ACh.

A&P (2 decks)

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