Exam 1 Flashcards
A&P Patho
Steady State Condition
the normal condition of a system, normal flow/exchange of molecules. many variables but within normal limits. (Na+/K+ exchange in a cell)
Equilibrium
when two environments are truely equal. same value. (same water inside of cell and outside). different than steady state.
Negative Feedback (loop)
major control system in the body. it senses a change and reacts to Reverse it (negative to stimuli). example: thermostat sesnes temperature change and activates Heating/cooling to return to desired temperature.
Sensor->Integration->Effectors
sensors monitor variables (aorta) > Integrators attached to the sensor some way and process the change (heart) > Effectors cause the change (SNS; Vasopressin/kidneys)
Postive Feedback (loop)
stimulus causes a change, the body responds by increasing this change. (Severe hemorrhage: body keeps increasing cardiac output until heart failure) (Clotting: activates clotting cascade, TXA2, vasospasm, until bleeding stops)
Decompensated/Compensated Shock
positive feedback leads to death, or negative feedback insufficient/negative feedback works well
Cell membrane
composed of a phospholipid bilayer; protective ring of the cell.
Cytoplasm
The fluid within the cell.
Nucleus
composed of a DOUBLE phospholipid bilayer. DNA synthesis, reading/translation done here. Only small molecules can pass through membrane (hormones, small ions, protiens)
Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough)
Surrounds the nucleus. contains ribosomes, translates mRNA and creates proteins/peptides.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth)
connected but distal to rough ER. does NOT contain ribosomes (smooth). lipids are created here. Transport vesicles are created for products.
Golgi Apparatus
modifies proteins and secretes them to the cell surface.
ICF
Intracellular fluid (inside the cells). makes up 2/3 of bodily fluid. ~28L
ECF
extracellular fluid (plasma, interstitial, and campillary membranes). 1/3 total body fluid ~14L
Na+
Sodium ion is EXTRACELLULAR.
Ratio is 10:1, normal values = 142 mOsm/Liter H2O