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ethics Flashcards

1
Q

Benthams ethical theory

A
  • what motivates humans
  • principle of utility
  • hedonic calculus
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2
Q

Jeremy Bentham

A
  • teleological, normative ethical theorist
  • his theory was Act utilitarian
  • he was a hedonist
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3
Q

utilitarianism

A

teleologically, naturalistic, normative ethical theory that argues the best result is the one that brings the most happiness to the most people

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4
Q

motivation of human beings

A

pain and pleasure are what we base our actions and morals on, and pleasure is the same as goodness

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5
Q

principle of utility

A

an action should be done if it maximises the happiness for the most amount of people

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6
Q

the hedonic calculus

A 
Intensity
Duration
Certainty
Remoteness (propinquity)
Fruitfulness (fecundity)
Purity
Extent
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7
Q

act based ethics

A

deontological

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8
Q

end based ethics

A

teleological

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9
Q

person based ethics

A

virtue

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10
Q

normative absolutism

A
  • morals are fixed regardless of the context

- treats people with equality

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11
Q

normative relativism

A
  • nothing can be defined as right or wrong

- variety in culture effects ethics

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12
Q

rule utilitarian

A

adopts general rules about the kinds of actions that tend to produce happiness to make decision making easier

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13
Q

Mill

A
  • the harm principle
  • we should be able to do whatever we want as long as it doesn’t harm anyone else
  • free speech is offensive but not a harm
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14
Q

Roger Crisp

A
  • offered the life of Joseph Hayden or an Oyster
  • but the oysters life is infinite
  • oysters life becomes worthy and pleasurable over time
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15
Q

Robert Nozick

A
  • experience machine
  • would you plug into alternate reality to only live a life of pleasures
  • proves pleasure isn’t the ultimate motivation
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16
Q

Mills pleasures

A

higher pleasures - intellectual, social, culture, science

lower pleasures - eating, drinking, sex, resting

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17
Q

Kant

A

an absolutist, deontologist, ethical realist

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18
Q

phenomenal realm

A
  • physical world
  • empirical knowledge
  • heteronomy
  • consequential
  • changing
  • instrumental
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19
Q

noumenal realm

A
  • metaphysical
  • reason
  • autonomy
  • intrinsic
  • unchanging
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20
Q

hypothetical imperative

A

focuses on the outcome and is used when making a decision not to do with morals

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21
Q

categorical imperative

A

goes beyond consequences and intentions, based on moral decisions

22
Q

beattitudo

A

flourishing/closeness to God

23
Q

Aquinas

A
  • believed in the world having a teleos given by God
  • this was to live according to its own nature
  • for humans this was reason
24
Q

eternal law

A
  • absolute part of natural law
  • remains the same, no mater what the situation
  • God plants it in every rational soul
25
Q

divine law

A
  • commands and teachings found in the Bible
  • God sent information about eternal law through this
  • he teaches humans how to live
26
Q

natural law

A
  • allows humans to receive eternal law through reason

- marks humans from animals

27
Q

human law

A
  • our response to messages from God
  • customs and practices of society
  • only a law if its good and in life with divine and natural
28
Q

the key precept

A

is the synderesis rule which is do good and avoid evil

29
Q

5 primary precepts

A
  1. worship God
  2. live in an ordered society
  3. reproduce
  4. educate
  5. preserve life
30
Q

primary precepts

A

are things that are good and absolute and describe flourishing

31
Q

apparent good

A

something only appears to be good and has a good aspect to it

32
Q

Joseph Fletcher

A
  • theology professor
  • 1960’s
  • situation ethics
  • emphasised agape
33
Q

3 ethical positikns

A

legalistic, situation, antinomianism

34
Q

4 principles of agape

A

pragmatism
relativism
positivism
personalism

35
Q

secondary precepts

A

are rules derived from the primary precepts using practical reason

36
Q

situation ethics in the bible

A

the good Samaritan

37
Q

situation ethics

A

is based on agape love which is the ultimate aim

38
Q

4 principles of agape:

A

pragmatism, relativism, positivism, personalism

39
Q

6 propositions

A
  1. only love is intrinsically good
  2. love is the ruling factor
  3. love and justice are the same
  4. love is an attitude, not a feeling
  5. only the end justifies the means
  6. love has no laws
40
Q

personhood

A

the extent to which a life has some quality

41
Q

autonomy for euthanasia

A
  • we have the right to choose the time and manner of our death
  • we have choice over our bodies in life, so we should in death
42
Q

voluntary euthanasia

A

usually when a person is paralysed or terminally ill they make the choice to have their life ended

43
Q

non voluntary euthanasia

A

is when someone cannot communicate their wishes and are in a unchangeable state

44
Q

slippery slope

A

when a moral law is broken, others will be

45
Q

passive euthanasia

A

treatment is withdrawn or given to hasten death

46
Q

James Rachels

A

letting die is crueler than actively killing

47
Q

QALY assessment

A
  1. assess pain, mobility psychological state
  2. ability of drugs to improve state
  3. compare available treatments
  4. compare costs (£30,000 over is not effective)
48
Q

sanctity of life

A

humans were made in the image of god so we don’t have the right to end our lives

49
Q

natural law view on euthanasia

A
  • goes against our teleos from God
  • we are sacred and should be protected
  • we were each created for a unique purpose
50
Q

factors affecting doctrine of double effect

A
  • if the act is good in itself
  • good isn’t attained by bad means
  • bad not intended
  • proportional reason for bad effect

Philosophy (9 decks)

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