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OrganHisto Final > Esophagus and Stomach > Flashcards

Esophagus and Stomach Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mucosa made of generally?

A 
surface epithelium
lamina propria (loose CT)
muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle)
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2
Q

If there is smooth muscle in the mucosa, how does it run?

A

longitudinally

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3
Q

What are the layers of the submucosa?

A

more dense CT
larger blood vessels
submucosal (Meissner) plexus

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4
Q

What is the function of the submucosal plexus within the submucosa?

A

influence mucosa

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5
Q

What are the layers of the muscularis externa?

A

myenteric plexus

typically smooth muscle

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6
Q

What is the typical fiber orientation in the muscularis externa?

A

inner circular and outer longitudinal layers (normal pattern)

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7
Q

Where is the myenteric plexus located within the muscularis externa?

A

between the circular and longitudinal muscle layer

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8
Q

What is the function of the myenteric plexus in the muscularis externa?

A

incfluence muscularis externa

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9
Q

What is serosa made of?

A

serous producing simple squamous spithelium and some CT

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10
Q

What is adventita made of?

A

connective tissue and some collagen and adipose

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11
Q

What is the function of the esophagus?

A

transfer bolus to stomach from the oropharynx

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12
Q

What are the parts of the mucosa of the esophagus?

A

surface epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa

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13
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the luminal wall of the esophagus made of?

A

stratified squamous, langerhans cells, antigen presenting cells with some phagocytosis possible

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14
Q

What is the lamina propria of the lumina wall of the esophagus made of?

A

loose areolar (irregular) CT and some esophageal cardiac glands

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15
Q

What is the function of the esophageal cardiac glands?

A

produce neutral mucus to protect esphageal epithelium

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16
Q

What is the location of the esophageal cardiac glands?

A 
near the pharynx (first inch)
near stomach (last inch)
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17
Q

Where were the esophageal cardiac glands first discovered?

A

near the stomach (last inch)

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18
Q

What is the muscularis mucosae of the mucosa of the luminal wall of the esophagus made of?

A

a discontinuous layer of longituidinal msucle, which is thinner distally (near pharynx) and thicker proximally (near stomach)

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19
Q

What is the submucosa of the of the mucosa of the luminal wall of the esophagus made of?

A

dense fibroelastic CT that contains esophageal glands (proper) scattered along the length of the esophagus

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20
Q

What is the function of the esophageal glands (proper)?

A

produce slightly acidic mucus to lubricate the movement of food

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21
Q

What are the muscle layers of the muscularis externa of the luminal wall of the esophagus?

A 
normal pattern (inner circular and outer longitudinal)
upper 1/3= all skeletal muscle
middle 1/3= mixture of smooth and skeletal muscle
lower 1/3= all smooth muscle
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22
Q

What part of the esophgus does the adventita/serosa of the luminal wall make up?

A

primarily adventita except for the last 1-2 inches, which are serosa

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23
Q

What are the two physiological sphincters of the esophagus?

A

pharyngoesophageal and gastroesophageal sphincter

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24
Q

Where is the pharyngoesophageal sphincter located?

A

between the oropharynx and esophagus

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25
Q

Where is the gastroesophageal sphincter located?

A

between the esophagus and stomach

26
Q

Which sphincter is prone to problems from abrupt change?

A

gastroesophageal sphincter

27
Q

What are the characteristics for physiological sphincters?

A

no thickening of circular muscle in muscularis externa

pressure gradient aids movement (muscle contractions and gravity help)

28
Q

What are the functions of the stomach?

A

continue digestion of carbohydrates
storage
some nutrient breakdown (primarily chemical, little physical)

29
Q

What is the primary function of the stomach?

A

storage

30
Q

What are the layers of the luminal wall of the stomach?

A

mucosa, submucosa and muscularis externa

31
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the mucosa of the luminal wall of the stomach made of?

A

simple columnar, surface mucous (surface lining) and regeneragive cells (bases of pits)

32
Q

What is the function of the surface mucous of the surface epithelium of the mucosa of the luminal wall of the stomach?

A

to produce thick visible mucus for protection

secrete bicarbonate ions

33
Q

What is the lamina propria of the mucosa of the luminal wall of the stomach made of?

A

loose, vascular CT present in small amounts between glands

34
Q

What is the muscularis mucosae of the mucosa of the luminal wall of the stomach made of?

A

smooth muscle layer that is often arranged in three layers

inner circular, outer longitudinal and outermost circular/oblique

35
Q

What are the characteristics of the submucosa of the luminal wall of the stomach?

A

it is highly vascular, this is also the location of arteriovenous anastomosis and it also has the submucosal (meissner’s) plexus

36
Q

What is the function of the AVA of the submucosa of the luminal wall of the stomach?

A

to shut down activity and secretion FAST

37
Q

What is the function of the submucosal plexus of the submucosa of the luminal wall of the stomach?

A

to influence the mucosa (secretion, blood flow, any limited muscle contraction

38
Q

What are the 3 muscle layers possible in the muscularis externa of the mucosa of the lumina wall of the stomach?

A 
especially between the cardiac region and greater curvature, all smooth muscle
innermost oblique (sometimes)
middle circular (well developed)
outer longitudinal (thin)
39
Q

What are the muscle patterns for the stomach (minus the cardiac region and greater curvature)?

A

normal pattern (inner circular and outer longitudinal)

40
Q

What are the cell types in the cardiac region of the stomach?

A

surface mucous, some neck mucous and a few DNES and parietal cells
NO chief cells

41
Q

Which part of the stomach is smallest and obtains much mucous?

A

cardiac region

42
Q

What are the three regions of the gastric (zymogenic) gland?

A

isthmus, DNES and base cells

43
Q

What does the isthmus do and what is its function?

A

its surface mucous produces thick visible mucus that traps bicarbonate ions to protect mucosa from auto-digestion and the rougher componenets of chyme

44
Q

What are examples of DNES (enteroendocrine) cells?

A

type D, EC, and G

45
Q

What does type D DNES cells do?

A

produces somatostatin

inhibits release of hormones by nearby DNES cells and HCL release

46
Q

What does type EC DNES cells do?

A

produces serotonin and substance P

increases gut motility

47
Q

What does Type G DNES cells do?

A

produces gastrin

stimulates HCL and pepsinogen secretion, gastric motility and regenerative cells in body of stomach

48
Q

What do neck mucous cells do?

A

produce a soluble, slightly acidic mucus

to lubricate gastric contents

49
Q

What type of cells are neck cells?

A

neck mucous cells, regenerative cells, parietal (oxyntic) cells and DNES cells

50
Q

What do regenerative cells of the neck of the gastric pit do?

A

replace all cell types

51
Q

What kind of cells are parietal (oxyntic) cells?

A

odd columnar with intracellular canaliculi

52
Q

What do parietal (oxyntic) cells do?

A

produce very strong HCl, which is immediately buffered to 1-2 pH
also produce gastric intrinsic factor, which is necessary for Vitamin B12 absorption

53
Q

What can chronic gastritis lead to? How?

A

pernicious anemia
the low number of parietal cells can lead to low amounts of intrinsic factor, which will decrease vitamin B12 absorption which is necessary for RBC maturation

54
Q

What are the types of chief cells in the gastric pit?

A

chief (zymogenic) cells, parietal cells and DNES cells

55
Q

What do chief (zymogenic) cells do?

A

produce primarily pepsinogen to break down proteins

also produces some gastric lipase to break down fats

56
Q

What does the pyloric region of the stomach contain?

A

deeper pits, surface mucous, DNES, parietal cells, some neck mucous cells

57
Q

What do the neck mucous cells within the pyloric region of the stomach do?

A

produce some lysozyme

58
Q

How are the pits of the pyloric region different than the gastric pits?

A

the pyloric pits are very twisted and branched and also shorter

59
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter?

A

an anatomical sphincter between the pylorus of the stomach and the duodenum

60
Q

What are the characteristics of an anatomical sphincter?

A

well developed inner circular layer of muscle in the muscularis externa
inner circular layer in muscularis externa can be independently controlled

OrganHisto Final (6 decks)

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