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OrganHisto Final > Clinical Aspects, Gallbladder, Liver > Flashcards

Clinical Aspects, Gallbladder, Liver Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two general causes of peptic ulcers?

A

insufficient protection from HCl and pepsin, helicobacter pylori

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2
Q

How could there be insufficient protection from HCl?

A

damaged mucous coat

too much HCl and pepsin

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3
Q

How long does it take for lumen to repair after damage?

A

1-2 months if the luminal activity is decreased

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4
Q

What are some examples of factors that delay healing of a peptic ulcer?

A

cigarette smoking, alcochol, caffiene, calcium, aspirin

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5
Q

What can aggravate an ulcer, but not cause it?

A

stress and spicy foods

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6
Q

What is the cause of gastroesophageal reflux?

A

stomach chyme backing up into the lower esophagus

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7
Q

What are some possible contributing factors to reflux?

A 
chronic gastritis (inflammation of stomach lining)
hiatal hernia
pregnancy
incompetent lower esophageal sphincter
subluxations
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8
Q

What are some ways to reduce reflux?

A

keep a food diary of food, spices and drinks consumed along with reflux episodes

limit how much is eaten at one time

do not eat less than 3 hours before bed

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9
Q

What are some problem foods for reflux?

A

spices (pepper, garlic, onion, peppermint, cinnamon)

acidic foods (citrus, tomatoes)

acidic beverages (fruit juices, carbonated drinks, coffee, tea)

fatty foods

alcohol

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10
Q

What is Barrett’s Esophagus?

A

stratified squamous epithelium is replaced by mucus-secreting simple columnar epithelium in lower (proximal) esophagus. This is metaplasia due to a chronic problem.

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11
Q

Where is the gallbladder located?

A

inferior to the liver

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12
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A 
store bile (can hold ~70mL)
concentrate bile
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13
Q

What is Hepatic Bile?

A

primary bile from the liver

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14
Q

What is Cystic Bile?

A

concentrated bile from gallbladder

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15
Q

What is bile release controlled by?

A

CCK and vagus nerve

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16
Q

What is the surface epithelium

A

simple columnar

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17
Q

What are some cell types within the surface epithelium of the gallbladder?

A 
clear cells (cholangiocytes)
few brush cells
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18
Q

What is the function of the clear cells? What do they have a lot of?

A

concentrate bile by absorbing water

many microvilli

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19
Q

What is the function of brush cells?

A

produce mucinogen

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20
Q

What is the lamina propria made of?

A

loose and very vascular CT

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21
Q

What does the neck of the lamina propria contain?

A

small mucous glands

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22
Q

What is the function of the lamina propria?

A

lubricate the narrow neck lumen

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23
Q

What is the muscularis musoca made of in the gallbladder?

A

nothing! it’s absent!

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24
Q

What is so significant about the submucosa of the gallbladder?

A

it’s absent!!

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25
Q

What is special about the muscularis externa?

A

it doesn’t have a normal patterns. it consists of a thin smooth muscle layer with a disorganized muscle arrangement

26
Q

Does the gallbladder have serosa or adventita?

A

mostly serosa, but some adventitia where it attaches to the liver

27
Q

What is the pancreas surrounded by?

A

a thin CT capsule

28
Q

What creates lobules of the pancreas?

A

septa, they dive into the organ to create them

29
Q

What is the endocrine pancreas?

A

Islets of langerhans (pancreatic islets) producing hormones

30
Q

What is the exocrine pancreas?

A

serous acini producing digestive enzymes

31
Q

What is the largest portion of the pancreas?

A

exocrine portion

32
Q

What controls the secretion of the serous (pancreatic) acini?

A

CCK and acetylcholine from parasympathetic nerves

33
Q

What do the pancreatic ducts secrete?

A

water and HCO3

34
Q

What is the secretion of the pancreatic duct controlled by?

A

secretin and acetylcholine from parasympathetic nerves

35
Q

What are some characteristics of pancreatic ducts?

A

centroacinar cells, centroacinar cells, collagen-rich CT wraps pancreatic ducts

36
Q

Where are centroacinar cells of the pancreas located?

A

next to acinar cells

37
Q

What do centroacinar cells of the pancreas do?

A

produce alkaline fluid with large quantities of bicarbonate ions which are released into the duodenum to buffer stomach chyme

38
Q

What is the function of collagen rich CT of the pancreas?

A

provide extra protection from the possible leading of digestive enzymes

39
Q

What else produces alkaline fluid in the pancreas?

A

cuboid cells

40
Q

What is the largest gland in the body?

A

liver, has endocrine and exocrine functions

41
Q

What are the general functions of the liver?

A

metabolism of lipids, carbs and proteins
production of blood proeins, factors and non-essential vitamins
detoxify blood
produce hepatic bile primarily (exocrine function)
store certain vitamins (A and B12)

42
Q

What is the classic liver lobule?

A

hexagonal-shaped lobules are difficult to distinguish in humans due to the lack of CT between the lobules

43
Q

What kind of cells are hepatocytes?

A

microvillated cuboidal cells possessing lateral bile canaliculi between adjecent hepatocytes

44
Q

What is the function of the hepatocytes?

A

most general functions

45
Q

What do the bile canaliculi collect?

A

bile

46
Q

How does bile flow through a liver lobule?

A

bile moves from the hepatocytes toward the bile duct branch in the portal triad

47
Q

What is the arrangement of hepatocytes in the liver?

A

in rows between hepatic sinusoids like spokes of a wheel

48
Q

What are Kupffer cells?

A

stellate macrophages, resident macrophages that develop from monocytes

49
Q

What is the function of Kupffer cells?

A

phagocytosis of debris and aged RBCs, act as an antigen presenting cell

50
Q

What are Ito cells?

A

hepatic stellate cells

51
Q

What is the function of Ito cells?

A

store lipids for immediate use, store vitamin A, produce collagen I, III, IV and growth factors

52
Q

What are pit cells?

A

natural killer cells?

53
Q

What are hepatic progenitor cells?

A

likely present and responsible for regenerative capabilities

54
Q

What is the portal triad?

A

hepatic artery, portal vein, bile duct, (lymph vessels)

55
Q

What are hepatic sinusoids?

A

dilated, fenestrated thin walled vessels found between the rows of hepatocytes; carry a mixture of venous and arterial blood

56
Q

What is the ratio of venous to arterial blood in the hepatic sinusoids?

A

venous- 75%

arterial- 25%

57
Q

What is the central vein?

A

fenestrated thin walled vessel that collects blood from hepatic sinusoids

58
Q

What is the direction of blood flow within a liver lobule?

A

blood flows from the portal triad toward the central vein

59
Q

What is the space of Disse (perisinusoidal space)?

A

space between hepatocytes and fenestrated hepatic sinusoids where blood can directly contact the microvilliated surfaces of the hepatocytes

60
Q

Why is the blood flow slow in the perisinusoidal space?

A

so the cells can interact with the blood and its contents, this is why the liver can take over the job of the spleen in 24-48 hours

61
Q

What is Glisson’s capsule?

A

dense irregular CT covered with serosa

62
Q

What occurs after a splenectomy?

A

liver takes over blood filtration in 24-48 hours

OrganHisto Final (6 decks)

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