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Neuroendocrine > Brain Development > Flashcards

Brain Development Flashcards

1
Q

At what week do the 3 primary vesicles of the brain start to develop?

A

3rd week

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2
Q

What does the brain form from?

A

Neural tube

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3
Q

At what week do the 3 primary vesicles divide into 5 secondary vesicles?

A

5th week

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4
Q

Forebrain

A

Prosencephalon

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5
Q

What does the prosencephalon split into?

A

Telencephalon and Diencephalon

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6
Q

What do the walls of the telencephalon create?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

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7
Q

What does the cavity of the telencephaloncreate?

A

Lateral ventricles

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8
Q

What do the walls of the diencephalon create?

A

Thalami, etc.

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9
Q

What does the cavity of the diencephalon create?

A

3rd ventricle

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10
Q

Midbrain

A

Mesencephalon

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11
Q

What does the mesencephalon split into?

A

It does NOT split - stays as mesencephalon

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12
Q

What do the walls of the mesencephalon create?

A

Midbrain

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13
Q

What does the cavity of the mesencephalon create?

A

Aqueduct

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14
Q

Hindbrain

A

Rhombencephalon

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15
Q

What does the rhombencephalon split into?

A

Metencephalon and Myelencephalon

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16
Q

What do the walls of the metencephalon create?

A

Pons and cerebellum

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17
Q

What does the cavity of the metencephalon create?

A

Upper part of 4th ventricle

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18
Q

What do the walls of the myelencephalon create?

A

Medulla

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19
Q

What does the cavity of the myelencephalon create?

A

Lower part of 4th ventricle

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20
Q

What are the 3 brain flexures?

A

Midbrain, pontine, and cervical

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21
Q

What brain flexure is located dorsally?

A

Pontine flexure

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22
Q

What separates the spinal cord and the myelencephalon?

A

Cervical flexure

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23
Q

What separates the metencephalon and myelencephalon?

A

Pontine flexure

24
Q

At the caudal end of the myelencephalon, what is formed?

A

Nucleus gracilis, nucleus cuneatus, pyramids

25
Q

What do pyramids consist of?

A

Corticospinal fibers

26
Q

Neuroblasts from alar plates that migrate more ventrally form what?

A

Olivary nuclei

27
Q

At the rostal end of the myelencephalon, what moves laterally?

A

Alar plates move lateral compared to basal plates = motor neurons are now medial!

28
Q

Pia mater + ependymal roof of 4th ventricle =

A

Tela choroidea

29
Q

When the tela choroidea proliferates and invests into 4th ventricle what is formed

A

Choroid plexus

30
Q

Job of choroid plexus?

A

Secrete CSF

31
Q

For mesencephalon, neuroblasts from alar plates migrate into tectum form what?

A

Superior and inferior colliculi

32
Q

For mesencephalon, neuroblasts from basal plates migrate and form what?

A

Tegmental nuclei

33
Q

What is included in tegmental nuclei?

A

Red nuclei, reticular nuclei, CN III and CN IV nuclei

34
Q

Fibers that grow from cerebral cortex form?

A

Cerebral peduncles (crus cerebri)

35
Q

3 swellings in the diencephalon?

A

Hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus

36
Q

If the thalamus develops into cavity (normal) but then fuses what is created?

A

Interthalamic adhesion

37
Q

What develops as a median outgrowth of root of diencephalon?

A

Pineal gland

38
Q

What are the 2 embryonic sources for the pituitary gland?

A

Hypophyseal diverticulum and Neurohypophyseal diverticulum

39
Q

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is made from what

A

Oral ectoderm

40
Q

What posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is made from what

A

Neuroectoderm

41
Q

Hypophyseal diverticulum

A

Upgrowth of oral ectoderm/roof of stomodeum

42
Q

Neurohypophyseal diverticulum

A

Downgrowth of diencephalon

43
Q

What bone develops underneath pituitary gland?

A

Sphenoid

44
Q

Mesenchyme trapped in longitudinal fissure between cerebral hemispheres

A

Falx cerebri

45
Q

Corpus striatum

A

Separates and defines caudate and lentiform nuclei

46
Q

Incomplete separation of cerebral hemispheres

A

Holoprosencephaly

47
Q

Group of nerve fibers interconnecting cerebral hemispheres

A

Cerebral commissures

48
Q

Largest commissure, extends from diencephalon to optic chiasm and other commissures from within this one

A

Lamina terminalis

49
Q

Interconnects temporal lobes of each hemisphere

A

Anterior commissure

50
Q

Interconnects hippocampi within each hemisphere

A

Hippocampal commissure

51
Q

Links hemispheres and will grow beyond lamina terminalis

A

Corpus callosum

52
Q

What does the remainder of the lamina terminalis become?

A

Septum pellucidum

53
Q

How are the cortical layers of the cerebral hemispheres laid down?

A

Deepest layers are the oldest; the new cells migrate through the deep layers to populate superficial layers

54
Q

Incomplete neuronal migration; infant appears normal but will later develop seizures, mental deficiency and spastic quadriplegia

A

Lissencephaly

55
Q

Common findings of the brain with lissencephaly

A

Smooth cerebral surface, agyria, pachygyria, neuronal heterotopia, enlarged ventricles and malformation of corpus callosum

56
Q

Calvaria and brain are small but face is normal size; reduction in brain growth

A

Microcephaly

57
Q

What can cause microcephaly?

A

Maternal alcohol abuse, ionizing radiation, infectious agents (zika virus and others), inherited

Neuroendocrine (47 decks)

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