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CMBM exam 2 > Atypical bacteria questions > Flashcards

Atypical bacteria questions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two filamentous gram positive rods?

A

Actinomyces israelii and Nocradia astroides

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2
Q

Is Nocardia astroides catalase + or -

A

catalase positive

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3
Q

What are the clinical signs of Nocardia astroides?

A

Pneumonia, CNS abscesses in IM, disseminate skin

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4
Q

Can Nocardia astroides survive in an oxygen rich environment?

A

Yes, they are aerobic

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5
Q

Where does Nocardia astroides abcesses and infections occur on the body?

A

Mostly above the diaphragm

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6
Q

What happens when a cell contains mycoloic acid in a fast acid stain?

A

It stains pink, despite being gram positive, because of the mycolic acid waxiness

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7
Q

Can Actincomyces israelii thrive in a oxygen rich environment?

A

No, they are anaerobic

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8
Q

Does Actincomyces israelii acid-fast stain?

A

No

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9
Q

What happens with the sulfur granules in Actincomyces israelii?

A

They form yellow myecelial mases

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10
Q

What are the clinical signs of Actincomyces israelii?

A

Thoracic actinomycosis, pelvic actinomycosis, oral abscesses due to dental work and abdominal abscesses to to surgery

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11
Q

What is the treatment for Actincomyces israelii?

A

Surgical debridement excision

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12
Q

How would you classify Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

Acid fast aerobic bacilli

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13
Q

Is Mycobacterium tuberculosis spore forming?

A

Nope

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14
Q

What medium does Mycobacterium tuberculosis grow on?

A

Lowenstein-Jesnen medium

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15
Q

What are the virulence factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

Mycolic acids, sulfatides, trehalose di-mycolate, LAM, Mycosides, and cell wall anitgens
Basically messes up phagocytosis

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16
Q

Who is mostly associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

The immuno-compromised and immigrants

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17
Q

What re the clinical manifestations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

Respiratory TB, reactivation of TB, extrapulmonary TB (CNS meningitis, vertebral Pott’s syndrome, disseminated “military”)

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18
Q

What are some rick factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

Recent TB infection, HIV, diabetes, end stage renal disease, malnutrition, substance abuse

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19
Q

What are the symptoms linked to Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

Cough, chest pain, night sweats, fever

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20
Q

What are the Mycobacterium tuberculosis tests?

A

Tuberculin Skin Test (PPD test), chest X ray, sputum smear (acid-fast bacilli)

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21
Q

What happens if a person had been vaccinated against TB?

A

The PPD is ineffective

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22
Q

How could Mycobacterium leprae be decribed?

A

Intracellular bacilli that acid-fast stains

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23
Q

What species is Mycobacterium leprae infectious in?

A

Humans

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24
Q

In what case can Mycobacterium leprae be culutred in vitro?

A

On a mouse foot pad

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25
Q

What species is naturally infected with Mycobacterium leprae?

A

Armadillos, the indigenous reservoir

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26
Q

Where does Mycobacterium leprae infect on the body?

A

Ear, nose, eyebrows, fingers, toes

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27
Q

How is Mycobacterium leprae transmitted?

A

Person-to-person or inhalation of infectious particles

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28
Q

What diseases can Mycobacterium leprae cause?

A

Hansen’s disease or Leprosy

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29
Q

What are the signs of tuberculoid leprosy?

A

Little disfigurement, the organism is well contained in granular tissue

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30
Q

What are the signs of lepromatous leprosy?

A

Major disfigurement with nodular swelling, slow fibrosis of peripheral nerves, shortening of toes and fingers and spontaneous amputation

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31
Q

What are the treatments for Mycobacterium leprae (lepromatous leprosy)?

A

Sulfa drugs, dapsone, rifampin

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32
Q

How is Mycobacterium avium intracellulare classified?

A

Most common infection in adult HIV patients, GI symptoms and dissemination

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33
Q

How is Mycobacterium marinum classified?

A

Cause of swimming pool granuloma - cutaneous skin lesions, found in fresh and salt water marine creatures

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34
Q

What are some characteristics about the family Chlamydiacease?

A

Obligate intracellular pathogens, properties similar to gram - (LPS, OM), cell wall has no muramin acid (no gram stain), can’t synthesize its own ATP (can’t grow in agar, only cell culture), MOMP and OMP2

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35
Q

What are some characteristics about elementary bodies of Chlamydiacease?

A

Small with rigid membrane, 6 - 8 hours, extracellular, likes harshness, non-replicating, not metabolically active and INFECTIOUS

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36
Q

What are some characteristics about reticulate bodies of Chlamydiacease?

A

Long and fragile, 18 - 24 hours, intracellular, replicating, metabolically active, NON-INFECTIOUS

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37
Q

What is the number one reported STD in the US?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

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38
Q

What are the clinical manifestation of Chlamydia trachomatis serotype A-B-C?

A

Keratoconjunctivits (trachoma)

Causes blindness - mostly in developing countries by direct contact

39
Q

What are some clinical manifestations of Chlamydia trachomatis serotype D-K?

A

Non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis

Dysuria with discharge (enlarged testicles, PID in 40% of females), associated with Reiter’s syndrome

40
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Chlamydia trachomatis serotype L1 and L2?

A

Lymphogranuloma vernerum

Inflammation of inguinal lymph nodes and rectal structures, primary ulcer at infection site, lymphadenopathy

41
Q

What are some identifying features of Chlamydophila pneumoniae?

A

Most infections are asymptomatic, occur in crowded conditions, person-to-person transmission by respiratory droplets

42
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Chlamydophila pneumoniae?

A

Walking pneumonia, symptoms like pharygitis and bronchitis

43
Q

Chlamydophila pneumoniae can occur in conjunction with;

A

Asthma, Gullain barre, atherosclerosis

44
Q

What does Chlamydophila psittaci mainly infect?

A

Animals

45
Q

How is Chlamydophila psittaci transmitted?

A

Bird droppings, person to person (rare)

46
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Chlamydophila psittaci?

A

Psittacosis or ornithrosis, infections of the respiratory tract, lymphotcytic inflammatory response

47
Q

What are some characteristics of the mycoplasma species?

A

Smallest bacteria, facultative anaerobes (except M. pneumoniae), difficult to grow, requires cholesterol, purine and pyrimidines (Eaton agar), person-to-person transmission, crowded conditions

48
Q

What are some qualities of Mycoplamataceae?

A

No cell wall (no murein layer), requires cholersterol for cell membrane, can only be seen with dark field microscope

49
Q

What are some pathogenic characteristics of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

A

Cell membrane with P1 protein adhesion, inhibits ciliary action, activates macrophages (inflammation), organism shed in saliva, common re-infection

50
Q

What is the key clinical sign of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

A

Atypical pneumonia - “walking pneumonia”

Also otitis media in adults, tracheobronchitis in infants

51
Q

How is Mycoplasma pneumoniae treated?

A

Tetracycline and Fluroquinolones in adults and erthromyocin in children

52
Q

What are some characteristics of Ureaplasma urealyticum?

A

Major cause of non-gonococcal urethritis, 40-80% of sexually active asymptomatic women, urease +, sterile pyruia

53
Q

What is the treatment for Ureaplasma urealyticum?

A

Tetracycline

54
Q

What are some general properties of Legionella pneumonphila?

A

Gram negative, faculatative, intracellular ubiquitous, opportunistic, infections via air conditioners and water coolers, non-communicable

55
Q

Legionella pneumonphila requires what type of agar?

A

Cysteine and iron = BYCE agar

56
Q

What are the clinical signs of Legionella pneumonphila?

A

Legionnaire’s disease, pulmonary fibrosis, chills with dry cough, vomiting and diarrhea 50% mortality rate

57
Q

What can treat Legionella pneumonphila?

A

Erythromyocin

58
Q

What are some of the characteristics of Spirochetes?

A

Gram negative, thin spiral shape

59
Q

Spirochetes have a special something that causes them to have “cork screw” motility:

A

Periplasmic axial filaments

60
Q

If not treated in a timely matter what can Spirochetes cause?

A

Cardiac and neurological impairment

61
Q

Who is more likely to acquire Treponema pallidum?

A

Homosexual men and prostitutes

62
Q

What are some characteristics of Treponema pallidum?

A

Spiral shaped, gram negative, axial filaments, very thin cells walls, can’t be grown on agar, can’t survive outside the host

63
Q

How can Treponema pallidum be visualized?

A

Dark field microscopy or fluorescent staining

64
Q

What classifies primary stage Syphilis?

A

2 to 3 weeks, rash and flu like symptoms, lymphadenopathy, chancres that heal spontaneously

65
Q

What classifies secondary stage Syphilis?

A

2 to 24 weeks, dissemination -> fever, fatigue, rash on palms and soles, condylomata lata, lymphadenopathy

66
Q

What classifies latent Syphilis?

A

1 to 2 years, asymptomatic, within 2 years may relapse

67
Q

What classifies third stage Syphilis?

A

Several year duration, uncommon (usually in the untreated), results from chronic inflammatory process

68
Q

What is a gumma?

A

Localized dermal lesions with few organisms present, non cancerous in 3rd stage Syphilis, organs invovled usually destroyed

69
Q

What are some complications of third stage Syphilis?

A

Gummas, patchy hair loss, dermatitis, Neurosyphylis (tabes dorsalis - degeneration of the doral column of spinal column) Syphilitic meningitis, dissecting aortic aneurysm

70
Q

How can Syphilis be treated?

A

Penicilin G

71
Q

What characterizes Leptsira interrogens?

A

Oligate aerobe with hooked end

72
Q

Where is the Leptsira interrogens reservoir and how is it shed?

A

Found in rats and shed through urine

73
Q

The Leptsira interrogens infection is associated with:

A

Flu-like symptoms, aseotic meningitis, Weil’s disease, vascular collapse, thrombocutopenia

74
Q

What comprise the phases of Leptsira interrogens?

A
  1. abrupt onset of flu symptoms, patient can recover but then gets sicks again
  2. kidney or liver failure
75
Q

What are some characteristics of Borrelia recurrentis?

A

Rare is US, epidemic, common in war, occurs through head lice, relapsing fever

76
Q

How can you treat Borrelia recurrentis and Borrelia hermsii?

A

Penicillin

77
Q

What are some characteristics of Borrelia hermsii?

A

World wide, endemic, lives in rodents and transferred through soft shelled ticks, relapsing fever

78
Q

What are the reservoir and vector for Borrelia burgdorfi?

A

Mice and deer ticks

79
Q

What are some common attributes of Borrelia burgdorfi?

A

Responsible for lyme disease, most common arthropod borne infection in the US, mainly NE coast, occurs in May to July

80
Q

What events occur in Borrelia burgdorfi that cause an infection of Lyme disease?

A

Flagella dissemintes the tissue, and has the ability to inhibit compliment activation

81
Q

What are some clinical manifestations of Lyme disease?

A

Flu-like symptoms, associated with bell’s palsy, sometimes had neurological or cardiac manifestations, arthritis, erthema chronicum migran

82
Q

How is Lyme disease treated?

A

Early administration of penicilin and tetracyclin

83
Q

What are some characteristics of Rickettsiaceae?

A

Obligate intracellular, needs ATP and NAD, structurally similar to gram negative, mostly transmitted by arthropods, zoonotic infections

84
Q

How can Rickettsia rickettsii be described?

A

Most common form of Rickettsia, vectors are wood tick and dog tick, common on US east coats

85
Q

What is the largest clinical sign of Rickettsia rickettsii?

A

Rocky mountain spotted fever, (2-12 day incubation) sudden fever onset, maculopapular rash on palms and soles (sometimes petechial)

86
Q

What is the epidemiology behind Rickettsia prowazekii?

A

Transmitted through live, associated with poverty, cold and war-times

87
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of Rickettsia prowazekii?

A

Epidemic typhus - chills, fever, malaise, maculopapular rash that become petechial and high mortality rate

88
Q

How can Rickettsia prowazekii be treated?

A

Tetracyclin and chloramphenicol and louse control

89
Q

How is Coxiella burnetii transmitted?

A

From inhalation of bio-hazardous material or from cows, goats and dogs

90
Q

What clinical manifestation if Coxiella burnetii associated with?

A

Q fever with poor prognosis if chronic

91
Q

What is the main sign of Bartonella quintana and how is it transmitted?

A

Trench fever from body lice

92
Q

What is the main sign of Bartonella henselae and how is it transmitted?

A

Cat-scratch disease by fleas

93
Q

What is the main sign of Bartonella bacilliformis and how is it transmitted?

A

Oroya fever but sand flies

94
Q

What is Bartonella elizabethae associated with?

A

Endocarditis (rare)

CMBM exam 2 (13 decks)

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