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A-Level Sociology > Demography > Flashcards

Demography Flashcards

1
Q

What is demography?

A

The study of populations

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2
Q

What are birth rates?

A

The number of live births per thousand of the population per year

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3
Q

What are fertility rates?

A

The average number of children a woman has during her fertile years

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4
Q

Why have career opportunities improved for women since the 1960s?

A

Due to new laws such as:

  • Equal Pay Act (1970)
  • Sex Discrimination Act (1975)
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5
Q

Why are more women being focuses on their careers led to a decline in the birth rate?

A

Women are prioritising their career instead of having children or as well as having children as more women see their career as more important

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6
Q

Why are more women being focuses on their careers led to a decline in the total fertility rate?

A

More women delay having children, they may experience fertility problems later and have fewer or no children

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7
Q

Why may more effective contraception have led to a decline in the birth rate?

A

More effective contraception means women can control their fertility and control how many children they have (if any)

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8
Q

Why may children being an economic liability have led to a decline in the birth rate?

A

Individuals may not want the large expenses that come with raising children and therefore more and more people may not have children

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9
Q

Why has an increase in child-centred families led to a decline in the total fertility rate?

A

More women may decide to delay having children in order to be completely financially independent when they do have children

Could mean more women having children outside their fertile years which decreases total fertility rate

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10
Q

Why has an increase in child-centred families led to a decline in the birth rate?

A

People are having just one or two children, so they can spend more time and money on them meaning more people are deciding to have fewer children leading to a decline in the birth rate

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11
Q

Why has declining birth and fertility rates led to smaller family sizes?

A

More women are giving birth to fewer children meaning more women are more likely to go out to work, creating dual-earner families and also smaller families

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12
Q

Why has declining birth and fertility rates led to an increase in the number of single women?

A

More women have chosen to be childless and live in single person or shared households

More women are opting to focus on their careers instead of motherhood

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13
Q

Why has declining birth and fertility rates led to an increase in the number of childless couples?

A

More couples are choosing to delay having children or opting to be child free and has therefore led to an increase in two person households than contain cohabiting or married couples

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14
Q

Why has declining birth and fertility rates led to an increase in beanpole families?

A

Fallen fertility rates has led to fewer children and therefore children have few or no aunts, uncles or cousins which has therefore contributed to the increase of beanpole families

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15
Q

Why has lower birth and fertility rates today lead to an increase in dependency ratio in 20 years time?

A

There will be a larger percentage of people who aren’t working (elders) than the number of people of working age meaning more people will have to be dependent on the family and state services

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16
Q

How might the declining birth and fertility rates have an impact on hospitals and child health care services?

A

Fewer people may need these types of services meaning there will be a decrease in the number of people using them

More and more people are having fewer children meaning there are less people who need to use these services

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17
Q

How might the declining birth and fertility rates have an impact on schools?

A

There will be fewer children in the education system at the same times as more women delaying childbirth therefore meaning there are fewer children needing education at the same time and there is less demand for it

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18
Q

What is the death rate?

A

The number of deaths per thousand of the population per year

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19
Q

What does Tranter argue the main reason for the decline in the death rate in the UK has been due to?

A

Argue its due to fall in deaths from infectious diseases such as scarlet fever, typhoid, whooping cough, influenza, smallpox and tuberculosis

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20
Q

Why has better nutrition led to a decline in deaths from infectious diseases?

A

Food standards have been improved and all food are now subject to tests that help identify whether they are infected or not

Food now sprayed with pesticides and chemicals to prevent the spread of diseases

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21
Q

Why has the introduction of antibiotics and vaccinations led to the decline in the death rate, particular from infectious diseases?

A

Antibiotics help the body fight against diseases

Vaccinations give people a small inactive amount of the disease so white blood cells fight the disease

More people who are vaccinated the less people will be subject to the disease which created herd immunity

22
Q

Why has improved maternity care led to a decline in the infant mortality rate?

A

Improved maternity care helps the baby to survive because it gives them everything the baby needs to survive

This improvement in maternity care could be down to many factors such as improved books on maternity care and greater internet resources

23
Q

Why had better housing led to a fall in the death rate?

A

Fewer people are all living in the same building, having a great number of people living in a building without working showers is a breeding ground for potentially fatal diseases

24
Q

Why may smaller families reduce the number of deaths from infectious diseases?

A

There are less people living together, therefore sanitation and hygiene should be better meaning these households won’t have as great of a chance of coming in contact with these infectious diseases

25
Q

Why has better health and safety reduced the death rate?

A

Fewer people are dying because of dangerous working conditions due to laws being introduced about safety at work

Also been laws introduced that relate to sanitation and hygiene which have meant more people are living longer and healthier

26
Q

Why has the declining infant mortality rate led to an increase in life expectancy?

A

There is now better food and nutrition meaning that children’s immune systems are strong and they are therefore able to better resist infectious disease which will decrease infant mortality rate and increase life expectancy

27
Q

Why may women have a longer life expectancy than men?

A

Women tend to be more health aware and have higher awareness of their mental and physical symptoms which results in a healthier lifestyle and better health care use which will result in a longer life expectancy

28
Q

Why may manual WC workers have a lower life expectancy than MC professionals?

A

WC may be less aware of symptoms from infectious diseases or they may not be able to access the best doctors in order to treat them of these diseases which lower life expectancy

29
Q

Why has a combination of declining birth rate, declining infant mortality rate and increased life expectancy led to an ageing population?

A

Decling birth rate and increased life expectancy means there are more older people than younger people meaning there is an ageing population

Declining infant mortality rate has also led to an ageing population because more individuals are now surviving past their first birthday due to various factors such as health

30
Q

Why has an ageing population led to an increase in beanpole families?

A

Increase in life expectancy means there are more grandparents, meaning more generations of the extended family

31
Q

Why has an ageing population led to more single person households?

A

More elderly people end up living on their own, particularly women because women tend to out-live their husbands

32
Q

Why has an ageing population led to more modified extended families?

A

Extended families don’t live in the same household, but are still in regular contact therefore the ageing population means there are more elderly in the extended family meaning there is an increase in extended families who don’t live in the same household

33
Q

Why has an ageing population led to an increase in the state retirement age?

A

There are more elderly people than young meaning that there are less young people to take over the jobs that the elderly had, therefore the state retirement age may have increased to ensure there are enough people working

34
Q

Why may an ageing population increase the dependency ratio?

A

There will be a greater percentage of elderly people who aren’t working compared to the number of people of working age

There are more elderly people not in paid work and therefore they are dependent on other people

35
Q

Why has an ageing population led to an increase in the need for more health care services?

A

The elderly are more likely to come in contact with infectious diseases and illnesses and therefore will need more health care treatment than younger people who have better health and strong immune systems

36
Q

Why might feminists argue an ageing population has led to an increase in the triple shift for many working women?

A

Working women will have to provide emotional support and do the cleaning cooking etc. in at least two households as their children and parents will be dependent on them to provide them with this

37
Q

What is migration?

A

The movement of people

38
Q

What is immigration?

A

The movement of people into a country

39
Q

What is emigration?

A

The movement of people out of a country

40
Q

What is net migration?

A

The difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants

41
Q

What is internal migration?

A

The movement of people within one country

42
Q

How has globalisation led to migration?

A

Might led to migration because more and more people’s lives connect with far away places and its now easier to be able to move to live with relatives in different countries

43
Q

Suggest three push factors that may encourage people to leave one country

A

They may have low employment rates and opportunities

Their current country may have high crime rates and they want to move to a safer country

May be for better political stability

44
Q

Suggest three pull factors that may encourage people to move to a particular country

A

High employment rates and opportunities

More wealth

Lower risk of natural hazards

45
Q

Why may the declining birth rate in the UK result in more immigration?

A

There will be more opportunities for jobs as there will be less people born in the UK who are than able to take over the jobs for the elderly when they retire

46
Q

Why may immigration into the UK lower the dependency ration?

A

Younger people are more likely to immigrate to the UK for possible job opportunities which will increase the number of people fit for work meaning the dependency ratio will decline

47
Q

Why may migration lead to more multi-person households?

A

Many young people come to the UK in search of work and they want to pay as little as possible for rent so they can make more money to fund themselves and family back home

Therefore they are more likely to rent a room or live in a shared house meaning there will be an increase in multi-person households

48
Q

Why may migration lead to more single-parent families?

A

E.g. tend to be high rates of unemployment among Jamaican men, making them an unreliable source of family income. Therefore many Jamaican women opt to be a single mum to provide for themselves and their children as they would likely still have to do this if they were married

49
Q

Why may migration lead to more larger household structures among South Asian families?

A

Most south asians marry young and have multiple children

Arranged marriages also common so south asians and many women often feel they have to go along with the marriages due to family honour and will be expected to please their husbands to prevent bringing shame on their family

50
Q

Why may migration lead to more modified extended families?

A

More families who don’t live in the same household due to moving to another country for jo opportunities etc. but will still remain in regular contact

Lead to more modified extended families because individuals who move to another country could then start their family leading to an increase in the size of the modified extended family

A-Level Sociology (85 decks)

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