Social and Emotional Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

Erikson’s Theory

Answer 1

Industry versus Inferiority

Question 2

Industry

Answer 2

• Developing a sense of competence at useful skills

- School provides many opportunities

Question 3

Inferiority

Answer 3

• Pessimism and lack of confidence in own ability to do things well
• Family environment, teachers, and peers can contribute to negative feelings

Question 4

Changes in Self-Concept during Middle Childhood

Answer 4

• More balanced, less all-or-none descriptions
• Social comparisons
• Ideal and real self
• Reference social groups
• Cultural variations

Question 5

Gender Identity

Answer 5

• Self-evaluations effect adjustment
• Gender typicality
• Gender contentedness
• Felt pressure to conform to gender roles

Question 6

Hierarchical Structure

Answer 6

General Self Esteem
-Academic Competence (Language Arts, Math, Other school subjects)
-Social Competence
(Relationship with Peers/Relationship with Parents)
-Physical/Athletic Competence (Outdoor games, Various Sports)
-Physical Appearance

Question 7

Influences on Self-Esteem

Answer 7

• Culture
• Child-rearing Practices
• Attributions (Mastery Oriented, Learned Helplessness)

Question 8

Achievement-Related Attributions

Answer 8

Mastery and Learned Helplessness

Question 9

Mastery (Achievement-Related Attributions)

Answer 9

• Reason for Success: Ability

- Reason for Failure: Controllable factors, Can change by working hard

Question 10

Learned Helplessness (Achievement-Related Attributions)

Answer 10

• Reason for Success: External Factors

- Reason for Failure: Ability, Can NOT be changed by working hard

Question 11

Influences on Achievement-Related Attributions

Answer 11

• Parents (Too-high standards, Believe child incapable, Trait statements)
• Teachers (Learning vs performance goals)
• Gender
• SES, Ethnicity

Question 12

Emotional Development in Middle Childhood

Answer 12

• Self-conscious Emotions
• Emotional Understanding
• Emotional Self-Regulation

Question 13

Self-conscious Emotions (Emotional Development in Middle Childhood)

Answer 13

• More governed by personal responsibility

- Pride and guilt

Question 14

Emotional Understanding (Emotional Development in Middle Childhood)

Answer 14

• Explain emotion using internal states
• Understand mixed emotions
• Rise in empathy
• Supported by cognitive development and social experience

Question 15

Emotional Self-Regulation (Emotional Development in Middle Childhood)

Answer 15

• Motivated by self-esteem & peer approval

- Emotional self-efficacy

Question 16

Coping Strategies

Answer 16

Problem-Centered Coping and Emotion-Centered Coping

Question 17

Problem-Centered Coping (Coping Strategies)

Answer 17

• Situation is seen as changeable
• Difficulty is identified
• Decision made on what to do

Question 18

Emotion-Centered Coping (Coping Strategies)

Answer 18

• Used if problem-centered coping does not work

- Internal, private, and aimed at controlling distress when little can be done about outcome

Question 19

Development of Distributive Justice

Answer 19

Strict Equality: 5 to 6 yrs
Merit: 6 to 7 yrs
Equity and Benevolence: around 8 yrs

Question 20

Changes in Moral Views

Answer 20

• Flexible Moral Rules

- Clarify link between moral imperative and social convention

Question 21

Flexible Moral Rules (Changes in Moral Views)

Answer 21

• Lying is not always bad

- Truth is not always good

Question 22

Clarify link between moral imperative and social convention (Changes in Moral Views)

Answer 22

• More respect for conventions with purpose

- Consider intentions

Question 23

Understanding Individual Rights

Answer 23

• Challenge adult authority within personal domain
• View denials of personal choices are wrong
• However, place limits on individual choice (Typically decide in favor of kindness and fairness)

Question 24

Understanding Inequality

Answer 24

• By school age, children associate power and privilege with white people (Assign stereotyped traits to minorities)
• With age, reduce prejudice (Consider inner traits)
• Individual differences based on (Fixed view of personality traits, Overly high self-esteem, Social world in which people are sorted into groups)