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sociology crime and deviance > control, punishment and victims > Flashcards

control, punishment and victims Flashcards

1
Q

Clarke

A

describes situational crime prevention as “pre emptive approach which relies on reducing opportunities for crime

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2
Q

Clarke identifies three features of measures aimed at situational crime prevention

A
  1. directed at specific crimes
  2. involve managing environment of the crime
  3. increases effort and reduces reward
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3
Q

examples of situational crime prevention

A

“target hardening” such as locking windows increase, efforts taking away coin metres reduces reward.

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4
Q

what does Clarke argue is needed to focus on

A

focus on immediate crime solution, not a revolution of socialisation

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5
Q

Felson’s example of a situational crime prevention strategy

A

the buses in New York were poorly designed and provided opportunities for deviance, for example the toilets were a setting for rough sleeping. reshaping the environment to “design crime out” greatly reduced such activity for example large sinks in which homeless people used for bathing were replaced by small basins

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6
Q

A03 for situational crime prevention

A

doesn’t reduce crime, simply displaces it, if criminals act rationally, they will respond to target hardening by going somewhere softer e.g. subway crimes moved to the streets

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7
Q

displacement can take several forms

A 
spatial-moving somewhere else
temporal- different time 
target-different victim
tactical-different method
functional- new method
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8
Q

example of situational methods

A

suicide from toxic gas were common, goal gas was replaced by the less toxic natural gas, suicides from gas went to 0- no displacement

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9
Q

A03 of situational crime prevention x3

A
  • situational crime prevention reduces some crime but will be some displacement
  • focuses on opportunities, ignores white collar crime.
  • ignores root of crime such as poverty
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10
Q

Wilson and killing’s broken windows

A

term used for disorder such as vandalism, sends out a signal no one cares

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11
Q

what do neighbourhoods with the term broken windows lack

A

there is an absence of both formal social control (police) and informal control (the community)

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12
Q

what happens when there isn’t remedial action

A

the situation deteriorates, the neighbourhood goes into a spiral of decline and the area becomes a magnet for deviance

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13
Q

what are Wilson and kellings key idea

A

is that disorder and the absence of control leads to crime.

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14
Q

what are Wilson and kellings solution to “broken windows”

A

their solution is to crackdown. this means environmental improvement strategies e.g. repairs and zero tolerance policing by tackling slight disorder

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15
Q

evidence of environmental crime prevention

A

new York “clean car programme”- subway cars taken away when they had any vandalism, as a result graffiti dramatically reduced.

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16
Q

A03 of environmental crime prevention-zero tolerance

A

crime rates where already falling

fall in murder rate was due to better medical services

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17
Q

what do social and community crime prevention focus on

A

place the emphasis firmly on the potential offender and their social context

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18
Q

what is the aim of social and community crime prevention

A

the aim of these strategies is to remove the conditions that predispose individuals to crime in the first place

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19
Q

what reforms are suggested in social community crime prevention

A

poverty, unemployment and poor housing more general social reform programmes addressing theses issues may have a crime prevention role, even if this is not their main focus

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20
Q

what happened in the Perry pre-school project

A

experimental group of 3-4 year olds were offered a two year intellectual enrichment programme, during which children received weekly home visits. it was a longitudinal study that followed the children’s progress

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21
Q

A03 for Perry pre-school project

A

focus on low level crime

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22
Q

surveillance

A

“monitoring of public behaviour for the purpose of crime control”

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23
Q

the history of surveillance

A

during the 14th century plague, nominated individuals recorded those who had the plague to stop the spread

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24
Q

examples of surveillance

A

CCTV, biometric scanning, ANPR, tagging, data bases

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25
Q

Foucault- the birth of prisons

A

the birth of prisons opens with a striking contrast between two different forms of punishment
1. sovereign power- before the 19th monarch had power over bodies e.g. beheading

  1. disciplinary power- post 19th century governs not jut the body but the mind. surveillance is seen at more effective at controlling people
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26
Q

Example disciplinary power

A

panopticon prion. design where all cells were visible to the guard, but prisoners couldn’t see the guard. therefore, turns into self-surveillance as could be watched any time

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27
Q

what are a range of institutions that induced conformity through self-surveillance

A

mental asylums, factories and schools

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28
Q

how has disciplinary power dispersed through society

A

social workers

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29
Q

AO3 of Foucault’s theory

A
  • exaggerates extent of control e.g. inmates resisting
  • CCTV can’t be panoptic as it has no effort on crime apart from in car parks
  • CCTV can be seen as ideological rather than protentional, giving the impression to the public that it is protecting them
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30
Q

what does Mathieson suggest about surveillance

A

media also enables the many to watch the few-everybody watches everybody.

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31
Q

what does Thompson argue about surveillance

A

politicians fear media surveillance which acts as a form of social control.

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32
Q

what results self discipline

A

dashcams, mobile phone recordings

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33
Q

what does widespread cam era ownership mean

A

this means that society controls the controllers e.g. record police

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34
Q

what are the hierarchies of surveillance

A

power to confiscate videos

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35
Q

what do Haggerty and Ericson suggest about surveillance

A

surveillance now involves manipulations of different objects

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36
Q

what do feely and Simon suggest about surveillance

A

a new technology of power is emerging

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37
Q

how do feely and Simon differ from Foucault

A
  • focuses on groups, not individuals
  • not interested in rehabilitation
  • uses “actual analysis” often by the insurance industry, risk of particular events happening.
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38
Q

what does Durkheim say is the purpose of “social sorting”

A

categorise people so they can be treated differently according to the level of risk they pose

39
Q

what is categorical suspicion

A

place under wrong doing because they belong to a group e.g. Birmingham counter terrorism

40
Q

what does categorise suspicion result in

A

danger of a self-fulfilling prophecy

41
Q

what did Norris and Armstrong find out about CCTV surveillance

A

research shows that CCTV operators make discriminatory judgement of potential suspects e.g. black males

42
Q

what are judgements on by those operating surveillance systems

A

based on “typifications”, criminalisation of others lessened

43
Q

ways that punishments prevent future crime

A

deterrence, rehabilitation and in capitation

44
Q

is reduction (Punishment) instrumental or expressive

A

instrumental, namely crime reduction

45
Q

what is deterrence

A

“making an example” may also serve as a deterrent to the public at large. e.g. Margret Thatcher’s “short, Sharpe shock”

46
Q

what is rehabilitation

A

reform prisoners so they no longer offend e.g. anger management

47
Q

incapacitation

A

remove the offenders capacity to offend, America 3 strikes and out

48
Q

AO3 for crime reduction/ prevention

A

half of all prisoners re-offend

49
Q

is retribution (punishment) instrumental or expressive

A

expressive, expresses societies outrage

50
Q

what is retribution

A

the idea that offenders deserve to be punished and society can seek revenge for breaking moral code

51
Q

what does Durkheim argue about the function of punishment

A

argues that punishment upholds social solidarity, reinforces shared values. punishment is expressive-moral outrage.

52
Q

two types of justice

A

retributive

restitutive

53
Q

retributive

A

in traditional society, solidarity is based on similarities- this results in a strong collective conscience. when offend respond with severe expressive punishment

54
Q

restitutive

A

in modern society, society is based on interdependence. restitution is to restore things to how they were.

55
Q

A03 of retributive

A

traditional societies also had retributive. clan kills settled by compensation

56
Q

what do Marxists believe is the function of crime

A

maintain social order. “repressive state apparatus”-means of defending ruling class property against the lower class

57
Q

what do Melossi and pavarini believe about prisons

A

prison reflects relations of productions e.g. “do time” “pay for crime”, -similar liberty in the workplace

58
Q

before the 18th century what were prisons like

A

prisons used to hold people before their punishment e.g. execution.

59
Q

when were prisons seen as a punishment

A

following enlightenment, prison seen as punishment “reformed”

60
Q

in liberal democracies what do they see prisons as

A

severe punishments

61
Q

why haven’t prisoners proved an effective method of rehabilitation

A

2\3 of prisoners reoffend

62
Q

what does Garland believe Americas are moving towards

A

USA moving towards mass incarceration

63
Q

statistics about Black Americans in prisons

A

black Americans 13% of Us population but make 37% of prison population

64
Q

transcarceration

A

individuals become locked into a cycle of control, shifting between different carceral agencies

65
Q

example of transcarceration

A

care-young offenders institution-adult prisons- mental asylum

66
Q

in the past how did they deal with young offenders

A

goals to divert young offenders from the criminal justice system. e.g. probation

67
Q

examples of community based controls

A

there has been a growth in community based control- curfew, tagging

68
Q

what does Cohen argue about community based controls

A

the growth of community controls have led to “net of control. increased role of sanctions enables controls to deepen

69
Q

have community controls diverted young offenders from the criminal justice system

A

community controls may divert young people into it. for example, ASBOS-fast tracking young offenders into custodial sentences

70
Q

victims

A

suffered harm (physical, mental, economic or emotional)

71
Q

what does Christie suggest about a victim

A

the definition is socially constructed, stereotype of victim by the media such as old woman

72
Q

what is victimology

A

study of victims

73
Q

what three features does positivist victimology have-Miers

A
  1. aim to identify factors that produce pattern e.g. groups more likely
  2. focuses on inter personal crimes of violence
  3. identifies victims who have contributed to their own victimisation
74
Q

victim proneness

A

social/psychological traits that makes them more vulnerable

75
Q

what did Hentig identify

A

13 traits of a victim e.g. females, elderly, display valuables- “incite victimisation”

76
Q

an example of positivist victimology

A

Wolfgang-588 homicides 26% involved victim precipitation- the victim triggered the events such as visiting violence first

77
Q

evaluation of positivist criminology

A
  • (green) shows the importance of victim, is a matter of chance who becomes the victim
  • (red) ignores wider factors such as poverty
  • (red) victim blaming
78
Q

critical victimology

A

based conflict theorists such as Marxists and feminists

79
Q

what two elements does critical victimology focus on

A
  1. structural factors and 2. state power
80
Q

what are structural factors

A

such as patriarchy and poverty, place powerless groups at risk of victimisation, victimisation is a form of structural powerless ness

81
Q

what is state power

A

the state applies the label of a criminal but withholds it from others

82
Q

what example of state crime with labelling do Tombs and Whyte

A

“safety crime” death or injury to workers explained as “accident prone” and rape victims are blamed

83
Q

de-labelling

A

hides crime of the powerful

84
Q

“hierarchy of victimisation”

A

powerless most likely to be victimised but least likely to be acknowledged

85
Q

evaluation of critical victimology

A
  • (red) disregards roles victims might play on bringing crime on themselves
  • -(green) valuables in showing that victim status is constructed by power
86
Q

patterns of victimisation-class

A

crime rates highest in areas of deprivation

homeless people 12x more likely to be victims of violence

87
Q

patterns of victimisation-age

A

most at risk of murder under one

teens more valuable to sexual abuse/ theft

88
Q

patterns of victimisation-ethnicity

A

minority groups are more at risk of hate crimes

89
Q

patterns of victimisation-gender

A

males at greater risk of violent crime

90
Q

what emotional and psychical impacts does crime have

A

disrupted sleep, helplessness, social functioning

91
Q

what can crime create

A

indirect victims e.g. witnesses of sniper victims

92
Q

what do hate crimes spread to

A

the whole community

93
Q

secondary victimisation

A

victims further suffering from victimisation at the hands of the criminal justice system e.g. rape victims

94
Q

fear of victimisation

A

the fear is irrational- men more likely to be victims of violence, but women fear going out

sociology crime and deviance (10 decks)

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