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Neuroanatomy Exam 2 > Higher Order Cerebral Functions > Flashcards

Higher Order Cerebral Functions Flashcards

1
Q

What are unimodel cerebral functions?

A

modality-specific

EX: motor association or visual association

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2
Q

What are heteromodal cerebral functions?

A

Bilateral association

Higher order mental and emotional functions

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3
Q

Many basic sensory/motor functions in brain are distributed symmetrically and are connected by what?

A

Long association fibers carried by corpus callosum

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4
Q

Why are asymmetries noted in certain brain functions?

A

Allow brain to process w/o other side of brain (decrease time for hemis to talk)

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5
Q

Handedness skilled complex motor tasks are programmed by which hemi?

A

Dominant

simple movements controlled by each hemi

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6
Q

What if patient with Apraxia had a left hemi lesion, would they be able to complete command with left side?

A

No, both hands would be unable to complete task

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7
Q

T/F There is bilateral representation of language in many left handers

A

True

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8
Q

Right/Left handers will recover more quickly?

A

Left handers

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9
Q

Which hemi will:

  1. Take lead in complex visual-spatial skills
  2. imparts emotional significance to events and language
  3. Music perception
A

Non dom hemi

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10
Q

Lesion of non dom hemi will lead to what?

A

Neglect

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11
Q

What visual-spatial analysis/constructional difficulties will non dom hemi lesions experience?

A
  1. Drawing pictures
  2. arranging blocks in specific patterns
  3. difficulty matching orientation of lines displayed at different angles
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12
Q

non dom hemi lesions may experience gestalt difficulties, what are they?

A

overall spatial arrangement - patient can’t look at big picture

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13
Q

T/F non dom hemi lesion tend to have mild personality/emotional changes

A

False, tend to have relatively severe personality and emotional changes

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14
Q

Non dom hemi or dom hemi have increased likelihood to have delusions and hallucinations?

A

Non dom hemi

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15
Q

Capgas Syndrome -

A

nondominant

Patients insist that their friends and family members have all been replaced by identical-looking imposters

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16
Q

Fregoli syndrome -

A

nondominant

Patients believe that different people are actually the same person in disguise

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17
Q

Reduplicative paramnesia -

A

nondominant

Patients believe that a person, place, or object exists as two identical copies

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18
Q 
Choose dom (usually rigth)/non dom (usually left) hemi:
Musical ability: in untrained musicians, and for complex musical pieces in trained musicians
A

Non dom (right)

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19
Q 
Choose dom (usually rigth)/non dom (usually left) hemi: 
Musical ability: sequential and analytic skills in trained musicians
A

Dom (left)

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20
Q 
Choose dom (usually rigth)/non dom (usually left) hemi: 
Skilled motor formulation (praxis)
A

dom (left)

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21
Q 
Choose dom (usually rigth)/non dom (usually left) hemi: 
Visual-spatial analysis and spatial attention
A

Non dom (right)

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22
Q 
Choose dom (usually rigth)/non dom (usually left) hemi: 
prosody (emotion conveyed by tone of voie)
A

Non dom (right)

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23
Q 
Choose dom (usually rigth)/non dom (usually left) hemi: 
Language
A

Dom (left)

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24
Q 
Choose dom (usually rigth)/non dom (usually left) hemi: 
Arithmetic: sequential and analytical calculating skills
A

dom (left)

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25
Q 
Choose dom (usually rigth)/non dom (usually left) hemi: 
Arithmetic: ability to estimate quantity and to correctly line up columns of numbers on the page
A

non dom (right)

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26
Q 
Choose dom (usually rigth)/non dom (usually left) hemi: 
Sense of directions: following a set of written directions in sequence
A

dom (left)

27
Q 
Choose dom (usually rigth)/non dom (usually left) hemi: 
Sense of direction: finding one’s way by overall sense of spatial orientation
A

non dom (right)

28
Q

How do broca’s and wernicke’s communicate?

A

Arcuate fasiciculus

29
Q

Which brain area helps with higher motor aspects of speech formation (planning) and syntax (grammer)?

A

Frontal lobes

30
Q

Which brain area helps with Lexicon (vocabulary bank) and Writing?

A

Supramarginal Gyrus & Angular Gyrus (Parietal & Temporal Lobes)

31
Q

Which brain area helps with reading?

A

visual Cortex, Visual Association Cortex

32
Q

Which hemi helps with language network – recognition and production of emotion in our speech?

A

Non dom hemi

33
Q

T/F The thalamus and basal ganglia will also be involved in language

A

True

34
Q

Syndromes that relate to aphasia:

What is Alexia and where would you find damage?

A

o Impairment in reading ability
o Alexia without aphasia: lesion to the dominant occipital cortex extending to the posterior corpus callosum (often PCA infarct)

35
Q

Syndromes that relate to aphasia:

What is Agraphia and where would you find damage?

A

o Impairment in writing ability

o Agraphia without aphasia: lesions of inferior parietal lobule of language-dominant hemisphere

36
Q

Syndromes that relate to aphasia:

What is Alexia with Agraphia? Where would you find damage?

A

o Lesions of dominant inferior parietal lobe, region of angular gyrus
o Aphasia absent or only mild dysnomia and paraphasias

37
Q

Gerstmann’s Syndrome
What 4 issues?
Damage to what?

A

involvement to dominant inferior parietal lobe

  1. Agraphia
  2. Acalculia - Impaired arithmetic calculating abilities
  3. R-L disorientation
  4. Finger agnosia - Inability to name individual fingers
38
Q

What are the two streams of information passed along from visual cortex to its association cortex?

A

Where?
 Analyzes motions and spatial relationships between objects
 Analyses motion and spatial relationship between body and visual stimuli
What?
 Analyzes form

39
Q

Disorders involving the Primary Visual Cortex

Cortical Blindness - where/what?

A

 Bilateral occipital lobe lesion

 Complete visual loss on confrontation testing (blink to threat – hand to face)

40
Q

Disorders involving the Primary Visual

Blindsight - where/what?

A

 Performs tasks without conscious visual perception

 Visual cortex lesion

41
Q

Disorders involving the Primary Visual

Anton’s Syndrome - where/what?

A

 Bilateral occipital lobe lesion

 Complete visual loss on confrontation testing + anosognosia (denial of impairments)

42
Q

Syndromes of the Inferior Occipitotemporal Cortex:

Prosopagnosia -

A

inability to recognize faces

43
Q

Syndromes of the Inferior Occipitotemporal Cortex:

Achromatopsia (diff in whole visual field loss or just one eye)?

A

 Difficulty with color perception
 Whole visual field involved: Lesions in bilateral inferior occipitotemporal cortex
 One eye: contralateral cortical involvement

44
Q

Syndromes of the Inferior Occipitotemporal Cortex:

Micropsia, macropsia?

A

Objects appear unusually small or big

45
Q

Syndromes of the Inferior Occipitotemporal Cortex:

Metamorphopsia

A

Objects have distorted shape and size

46
Q

Syndromes of the Inferior Occipitotemporal Cortex:

Cerebral diplopia/polyopia?

A

Sees two or more of things

Occipital lobe lesion

47
Q

Dorsolateral Parieto-Occipital Cortex (“Where?):

Simultanagnosia -

A

Impaired ability to perceive parts of a visual scene as a whole (visuals constantly moving around to them – difficult to maintain focus on objects)

48
Q

Dorsolateral Parieto-Occipital Cortex (“Where?):

Optic Ataxia - (what is difference between coordination)

A

Impaired ability to reach for or point to objects in space under visual guidance (different than coordination = all other sensory is fine, patients do not have problem with finger to nose if they close their eyes and/or once they hit it once, they will improve their visual performance)

49
Q

Dorsolateral Parieto-Occipital Cortex (“Where?):

Ocular Apraxia -

A

Difficulty voluntarily directing one’s gaze towards objects in peripheral vision (despite normal CN, may compensate with movement of head to get eyes moving)

50
Q

Dorsolateral Parieto-Occipital Cortex (“Where?):

Baliant’s Syndrome - (what 3 things would you see)

A 
	Bilateral lesions of DL parieto-occipital cortex
	Clinical Triad: 
1. Simultanagnosia
2. Optic Ataxia
3. Ocular Apraxia
51
Q

Where do we see connections to/from the prefrontal cortex??

A

Everywhere

52
Q

What are 2 cortical connections of the prefrontal cortex?

A

o Association cortices

o Limbic cortex

53
Q

What are 5 subcortical connections of the prefrontal cortex?

A 
o	Amygdala
o	Hippocampus
o	Thalamus (via mediodorsal nucleus)
o	Basal Ganglia (via caudate nucleus)
o	And more…
54
Q

What are 3 general functions of the frontal lobe?

A
  1. Restraint (judgement, concentration)
  2. Initiative (drive, motivation)
  3. Order (abstract reasoning, working memory)
55
Q

What characteristics when dorsolateral front lobe disorder?

A

apathetic, abulic (abnormal inability to act or make decisions, apathetic, delayed responses)

56
Q

What characteristics when ventromedial front lobe disorder?

A

impulsive, disinhibited, poor judgement

57
Q

Left hemi frontal lobe disorder vs right?

A

o Left: associated with depression-like symptoms

o Right: more associated with behavioral disturbances like mania

58
Q

Frontal lobe syndromes are also called what?

A

“Dysexecutive Syndrome”

59
Q

Frontal lobe symptoms:

disinhibition -

A

Silly behavior, crass jokes, aggressive outbursts

60
Q 
Frontal lobe symptoms:
Inappropriate jocularity (“witzelsucht”)
A

Seemingly unconcerned about potentially serious matters

61
Q

Frontal lobe symptoms:
Utilization behavior/environmental dependence -
Also called what?

A

Respond to whatever stimuli at hand, even when not appropriate
 “Next bed over syndrome” – will answer questions even if not for them

62
Q

Frontal lobe symptoms:

Frontal release signs -

A

Palmar reflex, grasp reflex, sucking reflex, etc

63
Q

Frontal lobe symptoms:

Paratonia -

A

Increase in tone, but in a manner in which patient appears to resist the movements of the examiner in almost a willful fashion

64
Q

Frontal lobe symptoms:

“Frontal gait” -

A

Shuffling, unsteady, magnetic gait

Neuroanatomy Exam 2 (7 decks)

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