Maudy's mock questions- flashcards

Question 1

definition of inflammation

Answer 1

a local physiological response to injury

Question 2

3 processes that can happen at the end of acute inflammation

Answer 2

resolution, suppuration and organisation

Question 3

most common cause/type of chronic inflammation and 2 others

Answer 3

most common= primary chronic inflammation

others= transplant rejection/ progression from acute/ recurrent episodes of acute inflammation

Question 4

define a granuloma

Answer 4

accumulation of epithelioid histiocytes

Question 5

what blood marker is investigated in sarcoidosis?

Answer 5

ACE (this is released by granulomas)

Question 6

3 components of virchow’s triangle

Answer 6

stasis of blood flow
endothelial injury
change in blood constituents (hypercoagulability)

Question 7

the classes of drugs used to treat
1- arterial thrombosis
2- venous thrombosis

Answer 7

1- antiplatelets e.g. Aspirin/Clopidogrel

2- Anticoagulants e.g. Warfarin/Heparin

Question 8

1- benign neoplasm of the secretory epithelium

2- malignant neoplasm of connective tissue

Answer 8

1- adenoma

2- sarcoma

Question 9

most common cancers to spread to the bone

Answer 9

breast, thyroid, kidney, lung, prostate

Question 10

What is the sequence of events that take place for metastasis to occur?

Answer 10

Invasion –erosion of tissue boundaries by enzymes secreted by

• Intravasion- gain access to metastatic routes e.g. blood/lymph
• Evasion of host defence
• Adherence- to endothelium
• Extravasation- colonisation of new site
• Angiogenesis- develops its own bloody supply

Question 11

What are 3 examples of antigen presenting cells?

Answer 11

macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells

Question 12

Describe how you would identify a bacteria as Salmonella using Microbiology
tests including differentiating it from Shigella? (3)

Answer 12

Salmonella is a gram-negative bacilli. Gram Stain= Pink. (1)
- Bacilli Appearance= Rod shaped. (1)
- MacConkey Agar tests for fermentation of lactose, Salmonella does not therefore plate
remains clear (fermenters go pink). (1)
- Do serotyping (API strip) to confirm Salmonella vs Shigella. (1)

Question 13

HIV can be diagnosed by measuring the level of a specific white blood cell. Which
type of cell is measured? What level indicates AIDS? (2)

Answer 13

The level of CD4+ cells is measured. CD4+ count <200 = AIDS

Question 14

HIV is a global condition. Name 3 at risk groups for HIV and the age group for which
50% of all new infections worldwide occur. (4)

Answer 14

3 at risk groups: IVDU, men who have sex with men, commercial sex workers

50% of cases worldwide occur at ages 19-24

Question 15

Name the different types of polymorphonuclear leukocytes which is the most
abundant? (2)

Answer 15

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils. Neutrophils are most abundant

Question 16

Give 2 differences between innate and adaptive immunity? (2)

Answer 16

1- specificity: innate is non-specific, adaptive is specific/required
2- memory; innate has no memory, adaptive leads to memory/immunity
3- innate dependent on lymphocytes, adaptive is not

Question 17

What is the role of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) (1)

Answer 17

The MHC is a protein found on all nucleated cells which present apeptide (antigen) showing self or non-self on the cell surface

Question 18

Eosinophils, Basophils and Mast Cells are mainly associated with what type
of infection (1) and what type of reaction? (1)

Answer 18

Hypersensitivity reactions

Parasitic infections

Question 19

Describe stages of Phagocytosis?

Answer 19

• Binding of insult e.g bacterium to macrophage
• Engulfment
• Phagosome formation
• Lysosomal fusion and digestion
• Antigen presentation (MHC II)
• Secretion of waste products.

Question 20

The action of a drug can be either receptor-related or tissue-related, which of these
do the principles of affinity and efficacy influence? What do agonists / antagonists
show? (2)

Answer 20

Affinity and efficacy relate to receptors (1).

- Agonists show affinity & efficacy / antagonists show affinity only (1

Question 21

Describe the difference between tolerance and desensitisation? (2)

Answer 21

Tolerance is where a drug becomes less effective, meaning that more of a drug is required to have the same effect.
Desensitisation is when a drug no longer has any effect on the body- due to receptor degredation/uncoupling/internalisation

Question 22

What class of drug is Candesartan? (1)

Answer 22

Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker

Question 23

Which common condition often diagnosed in childhood is a contraindication of beta
blockers and why? (2)

Answer 23

Asthma is a contraindication for beta blocker use. BBs cause bronchoconstriction

Question 24

What do NSAIDs inhibit and what is the result? (2)

Answer 24

inhibit cyclooxygenase

prevents conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2

Question 25

Approximately 60% of the body is comprised of water. In an average 70Kg male this
constitutes 42 L of water. Approximately how many liters of water would you expect
to find in the following compartments of this patient: Intracellular, Extracellular,
Plasma? (3)

Answer 25

ICL= 28L 
ECL= 14L 
Plasma= 3L

Question 26

What are 3 ways in which drugs can move between fluid compartments? (3)

Answer 26

diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport

Question 27

What are the 4 stages of Pharmacokinetics? (4)

Answer 27

absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

Question 28

Definition of bioavailability

Answer 28

Amount of drug taken up into systemic circulation a proportion of the amount
administered