amino acid metabolism II - synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

what intermediate molecules from glycolysis are used to synthesize amino acids

A

3-phosphoglycerate

phosphoenolpyruvate

pyruvate

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2
Q

what intermediate molecules from TCA cycle are used to synthesize amino acids

A

a-ketoglutarate

oxaloacetate

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3
Q

what intermediate molecules from PPP are used to synthesize amino acids

A

ribose-5-phosphate

erythrose-5-phosphate

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4
Q

transamination reactions:

pyruvate/alanine exchange by

A

ALT

(alanine aminotransferase)

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5
Q

transamination reactions:

OAA/aspartate exchange by

A

AST

(aspartate aminotransferase)

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6
Q

transamination reactions:

a-ketoglutarate/glutamate exchange by

A

glutamate dehydrogenase

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7
Q

aspartate fate: glutamine donates an ____ to aspartate to form ____ ( via ____ ____ )

A

NH3 asparagine asparagine synthetase

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8
Q

glutamate fate: glutamine is used to transport free ____ to the liver in a non-toxic form

A

NH4+

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9
Q

glutamate → ____ via glutamine synthease

A

glutamine

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10
Q

glutamine synthesis regulation:

  • feedforward activation
    • ____ and ____ maintain PII-UMP
    • PII-UMP associates with ____ to ____ glutamine synthetase
    • glutamine synthetase is ____
  • feedback inhibtion
    • ____ maintains PII
    • PII associates with ____ to ____ glutamine synthetase
    • glutamine synthetase-AMP is ____
A
  • feedfoward activation
    • a-ketoglutarate and ATP
    • AT to deadenylylate
    • active
  • feedback inhibition
    • glutamine
    • AT to adenylylate
    • inactive
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11
Q

glutamate fate: after a couple reductions and a cyclization, ____ is formed

A

proline

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12
Q

3-phosphoglycerate can be used to form ____

with help from vitamins B6 and B12 serine can be used to form ____

serine can be converted to ____ through a homocysteine intermediate

A

serine

glycine

cysteine

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13
Q

____ is a catabolic intermediate of phenylalanine

A

tyrosine

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14
Q

uses of amino acids

A

polypeptides, activated carriers, antioxidants, precursors of other macromolecules, signaling molecules, regulatory molecules, neurotransmitters, pigments, polyamines

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15
Q

heme is a ____ derivative

A

glycine

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16
Q

glutamate-derived molecules:

A
  • glutathione is an antioxidant
  • polyamines stabilize DNA
  • GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter (glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter)
17
Q

arginine-derived molecules:

  • *
A
  • NO is a free radical
  • creatine phosphate
18
Q

SAM is the primary ____ donor in cell

A

methyl

19
Q

histidine is decarboxylated with the help of pyridoxal phosphate to form ____

functions of histamine

  • promotes secretion of ____ and ____ in the stomach
  • ____ at site of trauma/allergic reaction
  • ____
  • antihistamines are ____ ____
A

histamine

  • HCl and pepsin
  • vasodilation
  • neurotransmission
  • competitive inhibitors
20
Q

a tryptophan-derived molecule is ____ which is a neurotransmitter and is a precursor for ____

A

serotonin

melatonin

21
Q

tyrosine-derived molecules:

  • ____ be used to create hormones and pigments
  • ____/____
    • ____ is the stress hormone
    • ____ is a neurotransmitter
  • ____ signaling abnormalities are hallmarks are parkinson’s
  • dopaquinone is processed to form ____ ____
A
  • L-dopa
  • catecholamines/hormones
    • epinephrine
    • norepinephrine
  • dopamine
  • melanin pigments