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AA - GEOGRAPHY - MAIN > Economic Development - UK > Flashcards

Economic Development - UK Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 key causes of economic change in the UK

A
  • De-industrialisation and decline of UK’s industrial base
  • Globalisation
  • Government policies
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2
Q

Explain how de-industrialisation and decline of UK’s industrial base has caused the economy to change

A
  • Fewer jobs available in manufacturing & heavy industries (e.g. coal mining + steel production)
  • Once were primary source of employment and income for UK
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3
Q

Explain how globalisation has caused the UK’s economy to change

A
  • Lot of manufacturing moved overseas, where labour costs are lower
  • Trade with other countries = increasingly important part of UK’s GDP
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4
Q

Explain how government policies have caused the UK’s economy to change

A
  • Government decisions on investment in new infrastructure & technology + growth for businesses (e.g. tax breaks) affect of economy grows
    • Membership in government groups e.g. World Trade Organisation
      • = easier for companies in UK to operate across the world
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5
Q

What is happening to tertiary and quaternary industries in the UK?

A

They’re growing

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6
Q

What is happening to secondary manufacturing in the UK?

A

It’s declining

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7
Q

Give evidence to support that tertiary and quaternary industries are growing in the UK

A

In 2011: Employed 81% of UK’s workforce & proportion is increasing

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8
Q

Name 4 important industries in the UK

A
  • Services
  • Information technology
  • Finance
  • Research
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9
Q

Why is services an important industry in the UK?

A
  • Retail = UK’s largest sector
    • Employs 4.4 million people
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10
Q

Why is information technology an important industry in the UK?

A

60,000+ employed in IT sector by companies like Microsoft and IBM

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11
Q

Why is finance an important industry in the UK?

A
  • UK, especially City of London, = home to many global financial institutions
    • e.g. HSBC’s global headquarters in UK
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12
Q

Why is research an important industry in the UK?

A

Research and development (R&D) increasing in UK

  • Makes use of UK’s skilled university graduates
  • In 2013: £30 billion = spent on R&D
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13
Q

Where are quaternary industries mainly found in the UK?

A

Science parks or business parks

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14
Q

Where are science parks or business parks in UK often located & why? (3x)

A
  • Close to housing
    • = accommodate workforce
  • On outskirts of cities
    • = near good transport links
  • Near universities
    • So research businesses in science parks = have access to university research
      • = can develop cutting edge technology
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15
Q

Name 3 reasons why the number of science and business parks have grown?

A
  • Large & growing demand for high-tech products
    • Science parks help develop new technology for these products
  • Clusters of related businesses in one place = boost each other
  • UK has high no. of strong research universities for businesses on science parks to form links with
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16
Q

What is the North-South divide?

A

Generally: Economic & social indicators better in south than north

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17
Q

What caused the North-South divide?

A
  • Decline of heavy industry had greater negative impact on north
  • & growth of post-industrial services industry benefited the south
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18
Q

Give 3 statements showing the North-South Divide in UK

A
  • Health worse in north than south
  • Wages lower in north than south
  • Education = GCSE results better in south than Midlands or north
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19
Q

Give evidence to support “health is worse in north than south”

A

Life expectancy for male babies born in Glasgow in 2012 was 72.6 years but in East Dorset it was 82.9 years

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20
Q

Give evidence to support “wages are worse in north than south”

A

2014 average weekly wage was 40% lower in Huddersfield than London

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21
Q

Describe how changes in UK economy is causing changes in rural areas (2x)

A
  1. In Cumbria (rural area in north west England) = population of villages has decreased recently (especially in western Cumbria)
  2. In North Somerset (mainly rural area in west of England) = population of some North Somerset towns/villages have increased a lot in recent years (particularly close to Bristol)
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22
Q

In Cumbria, why has the population of villages decreased recently?

A
  • Fewer jobs available
    • Agriculture and manufacturing are big industries in Cumbria but both in decline
23
Q

In North Somerset, why has the population increased a lot in recent years?

A

People are moving to quieter towns and villages with easy access to centre of Bristol

24
Q

Name 3 social and economic effects of the population decreasing in Cumbria

A
  • Population has dropped = decreases in services in Cumbria
    • Schools, ships & other businesses in some areas are closing
  • Unemployment is above the national average in two of seven districts in Cumbria
25
Q

Name 3 social and economic effects of the population increasing in North Somerset

A
  • House prices are rising which risks pricing out locals
  • Roads are congested with people commuting to Bristol
  • Services like schools are oversubscribed
26
Q

Name 3 ways the UK government is trying to reduce the north-south divide

A
  1. Developing More Powers
  2. Creating Enterprise Zones
  3. The Northern Powerhouse
27
Q

Give an example of how the UK government is developing more powers

A
  • Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have = own developed governments
  • & some powers being developed to local councils in England
28
Q

Why is the UK government developing more powers?

A

Allows the areas to use money on schemes they feel will best benefit the local community

e.g. better public transport or regeneration projects

29
Q

Give evidence to support that UK government is creating enterprise zones

A

55 Enterprise Zones = created across England, Scotland & Wales

30
Q

Name benefits offered to companie for locating in enterprise zones

A
  • Simpler Planning Rules
  • Reduced Tax
  • Financial Benefits
  • Improved Infrastructure
31
Q

Enterprise Zones: Name a simpler planning rule

A

Certain developments (e.g. new industrial buildings) are automatically allowed

32
Q

Enterprise Zones: Describe how tax is reduced

A

Business rates are reduced by up to 100%

33
Q

Enterprise Zones: Name a financial benefit

A

Businesses who invest in buildings or equipment can reduce future tax bills

34
Q

Enterprise Zones: Give an example of improved infrastructure

A

Government ensures superfast broadband is available

35
Q

Why does the government offer these benefits in enterprise zones?

i.e. how does this help to reduce north-south divide?

A
  • To encourage companies to locate in areas of high unemployment
    • Bringing jobs and income = help reduce north-south divide
36
Q

What is The Northern Powerhouse?

A

Government’s plan to reduce inequality between north and south by attracting investment into north & improving transport links between northern cities

37
Q

What is downside of The Northern Powerhouse?

A

Been criticised for being more of a concept than an actual plan

38
Q

UK is developed country with ___ transport network

A

good

39
Q

What is issue with the UK’s transport network & why is this bad?

A

It’s congested = slow economic development

40
Q

Name 4 aspects of the transport network that UK is improving

A
  • Railways
  • Roads
  • Airports
  • Ports
41
Q

Explain how the UK is improving the railways (2x)

A
  • Crossrail (under construction) will increases central London’s rail capacity by 10% when it opens in 2018
  • Proposed HS2 line = increase capacity & allow faster journeys between major English cities if built
42
Q

Explain how the UK is improving the ports

A
  • A new port, London Gateway = operating at mouth of River Thames
    • Able to handle world’s largest container ships & hopes to become hub for global trade
43
Q

Explain how the UK is improving the roads

A

Capacity on motorways = being increased by upgrading to “smart motorways” with extra lanes e.g. M4

44
Q

Explain how the UK is improving the airports

A

Agreed that new runway is needed in south east ∵ existing
airports = full/filling up

45
Q

Name 6 strong links the UK has with other countries (i.e. via …)

A
  • Trade
  • Culture
  • Transport
  • Electronic Communications
  • European Union
  • The Commonwealth
46
Q

Strong Links to Other Countries: Describe trade & give stat

A
  • Trades globally with links to USA, Europe & Asia
  • Overseas exports worth £250 billion per year
47
Q

Strong Links to Other Countries: Describe culture & give evidence

A
  • UK’s strong creative industries = UK culture exported worldwide
  • e.g. Shaun the Sheep made in Bristol = shown in 170 countries
48
Q

Strong Links to Other Countries: Describe how the transport links with other countries (2x)

A
  • Channel Tunnel links UK to France by rail
    • = route for goods & people to access mainland Europe
  • Heathrow acts as hub & produces links to 100s of countries
49
Q

Strong Links to Other Countries: Describe how electronic
communications links the UK with other countries

A

Most trans-Atlantic cables linking Europe with USA = routed via UK

50
Q

Strong Links to Other Countries: Give a benefit of being part of the EU and a stat

A
  • Membership = UK citizens & business access to large market without trade/political barriers
  • Over £130 billion of UK’s exports were to EU in 2015
51
Q

Strong Links to Other Countries: Give a benefit of being part of The Commonwealth

A

Aims to improve well being of everyone in Commonwealth countries

52
Q

Name 3 reasons why modern industrial developments are more environmentally sustainable

A
  • More strict environmental regulations
  • Increasing energy & waste disposal costs
  • Better environmental awareness
53
Q

Name an example of a modern industrial development that’s environmentally sustainable

A

Jaguar Land Rover opened new engine manufacturing centre in 2014 & factory designed to operate more sustainably

54
Q

Describe 3 ways Jaguar Land Rover’s factory was designed to operate more sustainably

A
  • Built to maximise natural cooling & natural light to reduce energy use
  • Has solar panels on roof = generate 30% of plant’s electricity
  • Almost all waste from plant recycled

AA - GEOGRAPHY - MAIN (22 decks)

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