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Cancer > Chemotherapy > Flashcards

Chemotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

What is cancer mainly caused by

A
  • acquired mutations caused by chemical, viruses, radiation

- inherited mutations

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2
Q

what do oncogenes lead to

A
  • uncontrolled cell proliferation

- dedifferentiation

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3
Q

What do loss of suppressor genes lead to

A
  • decrease in apoptosis

- alterations in telomerase

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4
Q

what malignancies can our immune system contain

A

T cells can help contain early malignancies and prevent from them developing into clinical cancers

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5
Q

how do you stage cancer

A

TNM
T
- tumour - so is in in situ, local tumour mass or has it locally infiltrated and is advanced

N
- lymphatic spread

M
- metastasis (systemic spread)

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6
Q

What is the role of chemotherpay in cancer treatment

A
  • Metastatic cancer
  • adjuvant chemotherapy
  • neo-adjuvant chemotherapy
  • hematological malignancies
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7
Q

what is the role of chemotherapy in metastatic cancer

A

Palliative or Curative Chemotherapy

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8
Q

What is the role of chemotherapy in adjuvant therapy

A

to eradicate or control micro-metastasis

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9
Q

What is the role of cancer in neo-adjuvant chemotherapy

A
  • makes the tumour smaller in order to make surgery or radiotherapy possible
  • alleviate surgical damage
  • eradicate micrometasis
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10
Q

What is the role of chemotherapy is haematological malignancies

A

chemotherapy Primary Treatment as they are very chemotherapy sensitive

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11
Q

What are the two places that chemotherapy acts

A
  • phase of the cell cycle

- cellular level

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12
Q

what are the two cell cycle types of chemotherapy agents

A
  • cell cycle phase - specific

- cell cycle phase non specific

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13
Q

Why is chemotherapy given every 3 weeks

A
  • most chemotherapy treatment damages the bone marrow and causes the blood concentration to drop
  • by 3 weeks this will be normal again and the bone marrow has recovered
  • if you are using a smaller dose of chemotherapy that is less toxic to the bone marrow it can be given weekly
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14
Q

describe specific cell cycle phase chemotherapy drug characteristics

A
  • agents with major activity in a particular phase of cell cycle
  • schedule dependent
  • Kills actively dividing cells
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15
Q

describe nonspecific cell cycle phase chemotherapy drug characteristics

A
  • agents with significant activity in multiple phases
  • dose dependent
  • kills resting cells and dividing cells
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16
Q

give example of cell cycle non specific chemotherapy drugs

A 
Cisplatin 
Cyclophosphamide 
Chlorambucil 
Actinomycin-D
L-Asparaginase
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17
Q

give examples of cell cycle specific chemotherpay drugs for the

  • G1
  • S
  • G2
  • M phase
A

G1 – vinblastine
S – Methotrexate, 6-Mercaptopurine, 5-Fluorouracil
G2 – Bleomycin, Etoposide, Topotecan, Daunorubicin
M- Vincristine, Vinblastine, Paclitaxel, Docetaxel

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18
Q

Name the sites of action of cytotoxic agents

A

Antimetabolites - acts on DNA synthesis

Alkylating agents act on DNA

Intercalating agents act on DNA transcription and DNA duplication

Spindle poisons - act on mitossi

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19
Q

Name examples of directly acting cytotoxic drugs

A

Alkylating agents
Antimetabolites

Natural products 
-	Antibiotics
-	Vinca Alkaloids
-	Taxanes
-	Enzymes
-	Biological response modifiers
Miscellaneous; cisplatin, carboplatin
20
Q

Name the indirectly acting by altering the hormonal mileau drugs

A 
Corticosteroids
Oestrogens 
5 alpha reductase inhibitors
GnRH agonists
Progestins
21
Q

name some alkylating agetnts

A 
Nitrogen mustands 
-	Meclorethamine, melphalan, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide 
Ethyleneimine 
-	Thiotepa 
Alkyl Sulfonate 
-	Busulfan 
Nitrosureas 
-	Carmustine 
-	Iomustine 
-	Streptozocin 
Triazine 
-	Decarbazine 
-	Temozolamide
22
Q

name some anti metabolites

A 
Folate antagonists 
-	Methotrexate 
Purine antagonists 
-	6 mercaptopurine 
-	6 thioguanine 
-	Azathioprine 
Pyrimidine antagonists 
-	5 Fluorouracil 
-	Cytarabine 
-	Gemcitabine
23
Q

name some antibiotic drugs

A 
Actinomycin D
Doxorubicin 
Daunorubicin 
Bleomycin 
Mitomycin C
24
Q

name vinca alkaloids

A

Vincristine
Vinblastine
Vinorelbine

25
Q

name some taxanes

A

Paclitaxel

Docetaxel

26
Q

name some enzymes

A

L-Asparginase

27
Q

name some Epipodophyllotoxins

A

Etoposide

Tenoposide

28
Q

name some Camptothecin analogs

A

Topotecan

Irinotecan

29
Q

naem soem biological response modifiers

A

Interferons

Interleukins

30
Q

name soem corticosteroids

A

Prednisolone

31
Q

name some oestrogens

A

Ethinyl Oestradiol

32
Q

name some SERM

A

Tamooxifene

Toremifene

33
Q

name some aromatase inhibitors

A

Letrozole
Anastrazole
Exemestane

34
Q

Name some anti-androgens

A

Flutamide

Bicalutamide

35
Q

Name som 5 alpha reductase inhibitors

A

Finasteride

Dutasteride

36
Q

Name some GnRH analogs

A

Naferelin
Goserelin
Leuoprolide

37
Q

what are estrogens used to treat

A

Gynacological cancers and breast cancers

38
Q

What are anti androgens used to treat

A

prostate cancer

39
Q

what drugs are classed as miscellaneous agents

A
  • cisplatin
  • carboplatin
  • hydroxurea
  • procarbazine
  • mitotane
  • imatinib
40
Q

what are the aims of combining chemotherapy

A
  • increased effiancy of the drug against the cancer

-

41
Q

Name the chemo resistance cancer

A

Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

G.I. Cancers

Pancreatic Cancer

Melanoma

42
Q

what are the ways in which chemotherapy can take

A

Oral

Subcutaneous & intra-muscular

Topical

Intra-arterial

Intra-cavity

  • Intra-vesical
  • Intra-peritoneal
  • Intra-pleural

Intrathecal

Intravenous

43
Q

How long is chemotherapy given for

A

6 months duration , 3-4 weekly cycles

44
Q

What are the side effects of chemotherapy

A

Tiredness

Nausea

Vomiting

Hair loss

Risk of infection requiring hospitalisation

Infertility

Long term 2ary malignancies

Hazard to staff

cardiotoxicity

45
Q

What is the role of the MDT

A

MDTs need to bring together staff with the necessary knowledge, skills and experience
to ensure high quality diagnosis, treatment and care

Cancer (13 decks)

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