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Question 1

Penicillins: Mechanism of action: Inhibits bacterial growth by interfering with _____ reaction of bacterial cell wall synthesis

Answer 1

transpeptidation

Question 2

Penicillins: Mechanism of action: β-lactams covalently bind to the active site of penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) which inhibits the transpeptidation reaction, halts ______ synthesis and causes cell death.

Answer 2

peptidoglycan

Question 3

Penicillins: Mechanism of action: _____ covalently bind to the active site of penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) which inhibits the transpeptidation reaction, halts peptidoglycan synthesis and causes cell death.

Answer 3

β-lactams

Question 4

Penicillins: Mechanism of action: β-lactams kill bacterial cells only when they are

Answer 4

actively growing and synthesizing cell wall.

Question 5

Penicillins: Oral dosage forms must be ___ ___ and be readily absorbed from the GI tract

Answer 5

acid stable

Question 6

Penicillins: IV dosage forms that are highly protein bound are ___ available as free drug

Answer 6

less

Question 7

Penicillins: IM dosage forms are formulated to provide ____ tissue and blood concentrations

Answer 7

prolonged

Question 8

Penicillins: Renal excretion: ___ tubular secretion; glomerular filtration - most penicillins

Answer 8

90%

Question 9

Cephalosporins and Cephamycins: Inhibits bacterial growth by interfering with _____ reaction of bacterial cell wall synthesis.

Answer 9

transpeptidation

Question 10

Cephalosporins and Cephamycins: β-lactams covalently bind to the active site of penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) which inhibits the transpeptidation reaction, halts _______ synthesis and causes cell death.

Answer 10

peptidoglycan

Question 11

Cephalosporins and Cephamycins: β-lactams kill bacterial cells only when they are

Answer 11

actively growing and synthesizing cell wall.

Question 12

Cephalosporins and Cephamycins: Less susceptible than

Answer 12

penicillins to β-lactamases.

Question 13

Mechanisms of Resistance: Production of β-lactamase inactivates penicillins ___ ___ cephalosporins

Answer 13

more than

Question 14

Mechanisms of Resistance: AmpC and ESBLs hydrolyze both ____ and _____

Answer 14

penicillins and cephalosporins

Question 15

Mechanisms of Resistance: Metallo β-lactamases and carbapenemases hydrolyze p____, c___, c____

Answer 15

penicillins, cephalosporins and carbapenems

Question 16

Mechanisms of Resistance: Methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus, ampicillin resistant Enterococcus is caused by

Answer 16

Alteration of PBP binding site

Question 17

Gram negative organisms can be resistant by

Answer 17

increased drug efflux pumps

Question 18

Mechanism: Interfere with bacterial DNA synthesis by inhibiting topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase), especially in the Gram - and topoisomerase IV, especially in the Gram pos

Answer 18

Fluoroquinolones

Question 19

Fluoroquinolones: Mechanisms of resistance: Decreased intracellular accumulation of the drug by: Production of ___ pumps

Answer 19

efflux

Question 20

Fluoroquinolones: Mechanisms of resistance: Decreased intracellular accumulation of the drug by: Change in ___ structure

Answer 20

porin

Question 21

Fluoroquinolones: Mechanisms of resistance: Changes in the sensitivity of the target enzymes via ____ in the antibiotic binding regions

Answer 21

mutations

Question 22

Fluoroquinolones: Mechanisms of resistance: Mutations in the ___ gene that encodes DNA gyrase

Answer 22

agyrA

Question 23

Tetracyclines: Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to 30S ribosomal subunit and preventing binding of the incoming charged ___

Answer 23

tRNA

Question 24

Tetracyclines: resistance mechansim

Answer 24

efflux pumps

Question 25

Aminoglycosides have Post-antibiotic effect, meaning

Answer 25

Killing action continues even after the serum levels become undetectable

Question 26

Aminoglycosides: Generally not used as

Answer 26

monotherapy

Question 27

Aminoglycosides: Generally not used as monotherapy, except with

Answer 27

UTI (because there’s a lot of the drug in urine)

Question 28

Aminoglycosides: formulas

Answer 28

IV/IM and also as an inhaled solution

Question 29

Trimethoprim is resisted by Increased production of ____ by bacteria

Answer 29

PABA