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Physical Geography > Unit 4: Chapters 14, 15, 16 > Flashcards

Unit 4: Chapters 14, 15, 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the differences between physical and chemical weathering?

A

mechanical weathering is the physical disintegration of rock material without any change in its chemical composition.
chemical weathering is the decomposition of rock by the chemical alteration of its minerals.

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2
Q

<p>

| With what geographic regions are physical and chemical weathering most associated?</p>

A

<p>

| warm regions close to the equator</p>

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3
Q

What is the process or cause of frost action?

A

water gets into rock, expands, starts splitting rock

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4
Q

What is the process or cause of oxidation?

A

if rock has iron, rusts

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5
Q

What is the process or cause of hydrolysis?

A

water exposed like in oxidation

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6
Q

What is the process or cause of granular disintegration?

A

acid rain, causes splits sedimentary rocks

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7
Q

Describe the process of landslides as concerned to mass wasting

A

quickest and most dangerous process of mass wasting
move large amts of material in small amt of time
destroy whole towns

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8
Q

Describe the process of mudflows as concerned to mass wasting

A

similar to landslides
primarily caused my huge rains
soil can only retain so much water, so it starts slipping

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9
Q

Describe the process of slumping as concerned to mass wasting

A
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10
Q

Describe the process of solifluction as concerned to mass wasting

A
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11
Q

Describe the process of soil creep as concerned to mass wasting

A

slowest form
tomb stone shifts, for example
very slow – shifts land beneath things

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12
Q

Know the relationship between average soil depth and the weathering and erosional properties of environments as one traverses from the equator to the polar regions.

A

mirror each other

erosion in tropics, soil depth is really deep

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13
Q

Soil profiles - O horizin

A

organic – o1 - dead leaves and sticks, o2 - decomposition (animals)

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14
Q

Soil profiles - A horizin

A

transition between leeching and organic

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15
Q

Soil profiles - B horizin

A

zone of leeching, nutrients and minerals are being pulled from A to B

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16
Q

Soil profiles - C horizin

A

mix of rocks, not a lot of mineral

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17
Q

Soil profiles - D or R horizin

A

bedrock

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18
Q

Know what is meant by soil texture

A

sand – can’t hold water, but water can pass
silt – retains water, doesn’t let it move through
clay – water repellent, makes it slippery

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19
Q

How does soil texture relate to the general quality of the soil regarding tilage

A

33% of each for ideal soil texture, easy to move it

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20
Q

How does soil texture relate to the general quality of the soil regarding water holding capacity

A

sand – can’t hold water, but water can pass
silt – retains water, doesn’t let it move through
clay – water repellent, makes it slippery

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21
Q

macro soil nutrients

A

nitrogen
phosphorus
potassium

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22
Q

micro soil nutrients

A

argon, specific nutrients for certain plants

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23
Q

soil pH

A

roses – acid soil

different pH’s can change composition / color of plants

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24
Q

soil forming processes: podzolization

A

soil that develops in high latitude regions tends to be acidic

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25
Q

soil forming processes: calcification

A

desert - nutrients get sucked up, causing the soil to be acidic / poisonous

26
Q

soil forming processes: laterization

A

you don’t want this soil

tropics, poorest soil quality, so much erosion / soil is too deep for nutrients to be left

27
Q

what is the impact of podzolization on the overall quality of the soils which are produced

A

good soil

28
Q

what is the impact of calcification on the overall quality of the soils which are produced

A

fair to poor soil

29
Q

what is the impact of laterization on the overall quality of the soils which are produced

A

poor soil

30
Q

How do rivers erode the landscape?

A
31
Q

How can a stream transport material through solution

A

When dissolved minerals are carried in the flowing water.

32
Q

How can a stream transport material through suspension

A

Fine light material such as sand and silt is suspended in the river because of the high turbulence. The largest proportion of sediment in the rivers load is from suspension.

33
Q

How can a stream transport material through saltation

A

Smaller stones and pebbles bounce along the bed. Relatively high velocities are needed for this process to take place. Small particles are thrust up by sudden currents only to be deposited seconds later. This landing may dislodge another pebble and so the process continues.

34
Q

How can a stream transport material through traction

A

Large stones and boulders are rolled along the bedrock in the direction of river flow. This only happens at times of high discharge because high velocities are needed to transport the heavy boulders.

35
Q

What is a Frictional Index and how does it impact stream velocity?

A
36
Q

What is steam competence and how is it calculated?

A
37
Q

How does volume determine the amount of material that can be picked up and transported by a stream

A
38
Q

How does velocity determine the amount of material that can be picked up and transported by a stream

A
39
Q

How does load determine the amount of material that can be picked up and transported by a stream

A
40
Q

Stream basin

A
41
Q

interfluve

A
42
Q

watershed

A
43
Q

understand the method by which stream order is determined

A
44
Q

Understand youthful landscape development as they relate to the denudation process of stream erosion

A
45
Q

understand mature landscape development as they relate to the denudation process of stream erosion

A
46
Q

understand old age landscape development as they relate to the denudation process of stream erosion

A
47
Q

understand peneplain landscape development as they relate to the denudation process of stream erosion

A
48
Q

temporary base level

A
49
Q

ultimate base level

A
50
Q

knickpoints

A
51
Q

perennial streams

A
52
Q

intermittent streams

A
53
Q

ephemeral streams

A
54
Q

exotic streams

A
55
Q

what is the primary function of streams that cut vertically into the landscape

A
56
Q

what is the primary function of streams that transport material

A
57
Q

understand how the ability of a stream to move a maximum size particle increases by the 6th power of the increased stream velocity. FORMULA

A
58
Q

know how oxbow lakes are developed

A
59
Q

know how natural levees are developed

A
60
Q

understand how the dynamics of meander migration affects the features in a stream valley

A

Physical Geography (5 decks)

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