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ABSITE (EVAN) > Chapter 1: Cell Biology. > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Cell Biology. Flashcards

1
Q

Increases membrane fluidity

A

Cholesterol

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2
Q

Determinants of cellular charge

A

Cells are more negative on the inside compared to the outside based on Na/K ATPase (3Na out / 2K in)

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3
Q

Used for co-transport of glucose proteins and other molecules

A

Sodium gradient

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4
Q

[Na] ECF

A

140

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5
Q

[K] ECF

A

4

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6
Q

[Ca] ECF

A

5

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7
Q

[Mg] ECF

A

2

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8
Q

[Cl] ECF

A

103

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9
Q

[HCO3] ECF

A

24

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10
Q

[SO4] ECF

A

1

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11
Q

[Protein] ECF

A

16

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12
Q

[PO4] ECF

A

2

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13
Q

[Organic anions] ECF

A

5

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14
Q

Cations in ECF

A

Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium

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15
Q

Anions in ECF

A

Chloride, bicarb, sulfate, phosphate, proteins, organic anions

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16
Q

[Na] ICF

A

12

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17
Q

[K] ICF

A

150

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18
Q

[Ca] ICF

A

10 x -7

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19
Q

[Mg] ICF

A

7

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20
Q

[Cl-] ICF

A

3

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21
Q

[HCO3] ICF

A

10

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22
Q

[SO4] ICF

A

-

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23
Q

[HPO4] ICF

A

116

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24
Q

[Protein] ICF

A

40

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25
Q

[Organic anions] ICF

A

-

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26
Q

Adhesion molecules (cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix, respectively), which anchor cells

A

Desmosomes / hemidesmosomes

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27
Q

Cell-cell occluding junctions; form an impermeable barrier (e.g., epithelium)

A

Tight junctions

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28
Q

Allow communication between cells (connexin subunits)

A

Gap junctions

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29
Q

Intramembrane proteins; transduce signal from receptor to response enzyme

A

G proteins

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30
Q

Receptor and response enzyme are a single transmembrane protein

A

Ligand-triggered protein kinase

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31
Q

Glycolipids on cell membrane

A

ABO blood-type antigens

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32
Q

Glycoproteins (Gp) on cell membrane

A

HLA-type antigens

33
Q

What is the osmotic equilibrium?

A

Water will move from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration and approach osmotic equilibrium.

34
Q

Cell cycle: protein synthesis, chromosomal duplication

A

G1, S

35
Q

Cell cycle: mitosis, nucleus divides

A

G2, M

36
Q

Most variable portion of cell cycle, determines cell cycle length

A

G1

37
Q

Quiescent phase of cell cycle that can follow G1

A

G0.

38
Q

Phases of mitosis

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

39
Q

Mitosis: centromere, attachment, spindle formation, nucleus disappears

A

Prophase

40
Q

Mitosis: chromosome alignment

A

Metaphase

41
Q

Mitosis: chromosomes pulled apart

A

Anaphase

42
Q

Mitosis: separate nucleus reforms around each set of chromosomes

A

Telophase

43
Q

Double membrane, outer membrane continuous with rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Nucleus

44
Q

Inside the nucleus, no membrane, ribosomes are made here

A

Nucleolus

45
Q

DNA strand is used as a template by RNA polymerase for synthesis of an mRNA strand.

A

Transcription

46
Q

Bind DNA and help the transcription of genes.

A

Transcription factors.

47
Q

Binds receptor in cytoplasm, then enters nucleus and acts as a transcription factor.

A

Steroid hormone.

48
Q

Binds receptor in nucleus, then acts as a transcription factor.

A

Thyroid hormone.

49
Q

Examples of transcription factors

A

Steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, AP-1, NF-kB, STAT, NFAT

50
Q

Bind RNA polymerase and initiate transcription

A

Initiation factors.

51
Q

Uses oligonucleotides to amplify specific DNA sequences

A

DNA polymerase chain reaction

52
Q

Purines

A

Guanine, adenine

53
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine, thymidine (only in DNA), uracil (only in RNA)

54
Q

Forms 3 hydrogen bonds with cytosine

A

Guanine

55
Q

Forms 2 hydrogen bonds with either thymidine or uracil

A

Adenine

56
Q

mRNA used as a template by ribosomes for the synthesis of protein

A

Translation

57
Q

Have small and large subunits that read mRNA, then bind appropriate tRNAs that have amino acids, and eventually make proteins

A

Ribosomes

58
Q

1 glucose molecule generates 2 ATP and 2 pyruvate molecules

A

Glycolysis

59
Q

2 membranes, Krebs cycle on inner matrix, NADH/FADH2 created

A

Mitochondria

60
Q

The 2 pyruvate molecules (from the breakdown of 1 glucose) create NADH and FADH2

A

Krebs cycle

61
Q

Enter the electron transport chain to create ATP

A

NADH and FADH2

62
Q

How many ATP does 1 molecule of glucose create?

A

1 glucose = 36 ATP

63
Q

Mechanism by which lactic acid (Cori cycle) and amino acids are converted to glucose.

A

Gluconeogenesis.

64
Q

Used in times of starvation or stress (basically the glycolysis pathway in reverse)

A

Gluconeogenesis

65
Q

Why are fat and lipids not available for gluconeogenesis?

A

Because acetyl CoA (breakdown product of fat metabolism) cannot be converted back to pyruvate.

66
Q

Mechanism in which the liver converts muscle lactate into new glucose; pyruvate plays a key role in this process.

A

Cori cycle

67
Q

Synthesizes proteins that are exported (increased in pancreatic acinar cells)

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum.

68
Q

Lipid / steroid synthesis, detoxifies drugs (increased in liver and adrenal cortex)

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

69
Q

Modifies proteins with carbohydrates; proteins are then transported to the cellular membrane, secreted, or targeted to lysosomes

A

Golgi apparatus

70
Q

Have digestive enzymes that degrade engulfed particles and worn-out organelles

A

Lysosomes

71
Q

Engulf large particles, then fuse with lysosomes

A

Phagosomes

72
Q

Engulf small particles, then fuse with lysosomes

A

Endosomes

73
Q

Activated by calcium and diacylglycerol (DAG). Phosphorylates other enzymes and proteins.

A

Protein kinase C

74
Q

Activated by cAMP. Phosphorylates other enzymes and proteins.

A

Protein Kinase A.

75
Q

Thick filaments, uses ATP to slide along actin to cause muscle contraction

A

Myosin

76
Q

Thin filaments, interact with myosin above

A

Actin

77
Q

Keratin (hair/nails), desmin (muscle), vimentin (fibroblasts).

A

Intermediate filaments.

78
Q

Form specialized cellular structures such as cilia, neuronal axons, and mitotic spindles. Also involved in the transport of organelles in the cell (form a latticework inside the cell).

A

Microtubules.

79
Q

Specialized microtubule involved in cell division (forms spindle fibers, which pull the chromosome apart)

A

Centriole.

ABSITE (EVAN) (35 decks)

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