Chapter 4

Question 1

Who is the founder of psychoanalytical therapy?

Answer 1

Sigmund Freud

Question 2

What is the significance of the unconscious in psychoanalytical therapy?

Answer 2

Help client recognize how embedded beliefs and habitual reactions contribute to distress

Question 3

What are the three systems of personality according to the Freudian Analytical view?

Answer 3

Id, Ego, Superego

Question 4

Define the id

Answer 4

The part of personality, present at birth, that is blind, demanding, and insistent. Its function is to discharge tension and return to homeostasis. Ruled by the pleasure principle.

Question 5

Define the ego

Answer 5

The part of the personality that is the mediator between external reality and inner demands.

Question 6

Define the superego

Answer 6

The superego represents the traditional values and ideals of society as they are handed down from parents to children. It functions to inhibit the id impulses, to persuade the ego to substitute moralistic goals for realistic ones, and to strive for perfection.

Question 7

Freud believed in stages of psychosexual development that influenced personality development. What are these stages.

Answer 7

Oral Stage
Anal Stage
Phallic Stage
Latency Stage
Genital Stage

Question 8

What are the ego-defense mechanisms? Define 3

Answer 8

REPRESSION: Threatening or painful thoughts and feelings are excluded from awareness
DENIAL:closing one’s eyes to the existence of a threatening aspect of reality
REACTION FORMATION: actively expressing the opposite impulse when confronted with a threatening impulse
PROJECTION: attributing to others one’s own unacceptable desires and impulses
DISPLACEMENT: directing energy toward another object or person when the original object or person is inaccessible
RATIONALIZATION: manufacturing good reasons to explain away a bruised ego
SUBLIMATION: diverting sexual or aggressive energy into other channels
REGRESSION: going back to an earlier phase of development when there were fewer demands
INTROJECTION: taking in and swallowing the values and standards of others
IDENTIFICATION: identifying with successful causes, organizations, or people in the hope that you will be perceived as worthwhile
COMPENSATION: masking perceived weaknesses or developing certain positive traits to make up for limitations

Question 9

What is transference?

Answer 9

The client’s unconscious shifting to the therapist of feelings and fantasies, both positive and negative, that are displacements from reactions to significant others from the client’s past.

Question 10

What is countertransference?

Answer 10

The therapist’s unconscious emotional responses to a client that are likely to interfere with objectivity; unresolved conflicts of the therapist that are projected onto the client.

Question 11

What is free association?

Answer 11

A primary technique, consisting of spontaneous and uncensored verbalization by the client, which gives clues to the nature of the client’s unconscious conflicts.

Question 12

What is dream analysis?

Answer 12

A technique for uncovering unconscious material and giving clients insight into some of their unresolved problems. Therapists participate with clients in exploring dreams and in interpreting possible meanings.

Question 13

What is resistance?

Answer 13

The client’s reluctance to bring to awareness threatening unconscious material that has been repressed.

Question 14

What does the psychoanalytic approach look like in practice?

Answer 14

Use of silence
Nonjudgmental interpretation (hunches, not pronouncements of truth)

Question 15

What are Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial stages?

Answer 15

Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt
Initiative vs. Guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Integrity vs. Despair

Question 16

Define the Object Relations Theory.

Answer 16

A new version of psychoanalytic thinking, which focuses on predictable developmental sequences in which early experiences of self shift in relation to an expanding awareness of others. It holds that individuals go through phases of autism, normal symbiosis, and separation, and individuation, culminating in a state of integration.

Question 17

Define the Relational Model.

Answer 17

A model that characterizes therapy as an interactive process between client and therapist in which countertransference provides an important source of information about the client’s character and dynamics.

Question 18

Define Self Psychology.

Answer 18

A theory that emphasizes how we use interpersonal relationships (self objects) to develop our own sense of self.

Question 19

Name two art therapists that implement the psychoanalytic theory.

Answer 19

Margaret Naumburg & Edith Kramer

Question 20

Describe an art therapy intervention related to the psychoanalytic approach.

Answer 20

Round robin dream analysis activity.

Question 21

Define 3 of Jung’s important concepts.

Answer 21

ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY: focuses on the role of symbolic experiences in human life
COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS: the part of the unconscious mind which is derived form ancestral memory and experience and is common to all humankind, as distinct from the individual’s unconscious.
PSYCHIC ENERGY: carries emotions, expressed through persona (mask)
SHADOW: thoughts, feelings, and actions that we tend to disown by projecting them outward
ARCHETYPES/ SYMBOLS: The images of universal experiences contained in the collective unconscious.
COMPLEX: emotionally charged collection of images and ideas in the psyche.

Question 22

What is individuation?

Answer 22

the harmonious integration of the conscious and the unconscious aspects of personality.

Question 23

Name 3 Key concepts of psychoanalytic therapy?

Answer 23

The unconscious, the importance of early development, and transference/ countertransference.