Primary Prevention Flashcards

1
Q

Define primary prevention.

A

Preventing disease / injury before it occurs.

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2
Q

List 2 examples of primary prevention.

A

1 - Immunisation programmes.

2 - Laws enforcing safety equipment at work.

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3
Q

Define secondary prevention.

A

Reducing the impact of disease / injury by preventing its development.

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4
Q

List 2 examples of secondary prevention.

A

1 - Screening programmes.

2 - Diet / exercise programmes to reduce risk of further health problems.

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5
Q

Define tertiary prevention.

A

Softening the impact of long term health effects.

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6
Q

List 2 examples of tertiary prevention.

A

1 - Rehabilitation programmes.

2 - Support groups.

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7
Q

Define health promotion.

A
  • The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health.
  • Usually the same as primary prevention, but sometimes impacts secondary and tertiary prevention.
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8
Q

List 3 differences between disease prevention and health promotion.

A

1 - Disease prevention uses a medical model, whereas health promotion uses a holistic model.

2 - Disease prevention targets specific diseases, whereas health promotion is more general, and the benefits are wider.

3 - Disease prevention only targets the groups at risk, whereas health promotion targets whole populations.

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9
Q

List 7 examples of health promotion.

A

1 - Drink driving campaigns.

2 - Tobacco control.

3 - Immunisation programmes.

4 - Screening programmes.

5 - Water fluoridation.

6 - Self management of disease.

7 - Healthy eating campaigns.

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10
Q

List 3 possible approaches to health promotion.

A

1 - Medical.

2 - Behavioural.

3 - Socio-environmental.

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11
Q

For each of the 3 approaches to health promotion, list two examples of diseases for which that approach is suitable.

A

Medical:

1 - Cardiovascular disease.

2 - High blood pressure.

Behavioural:

1 - Smoking.

2 - Poor diet.

Socio-environmental:

1 - Poverty.

2 - Pollution.

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12
Q

List 2 strategies that can be classified as behavioural health promotion.

A

1 - Health education.

2 - Public health policies (e.g. smoking ban).

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13
Q

List 2 strategies that can be classified as socio-environmental health promotion.

A

1 - Community development.

2 - Political action for societal change.

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14
Q

List 4 behaviour change theories / models that focus on individual behaviour.

A

1 - Health belief model.

2 - Stages of change model.

3 - Theory of planned behaviour.

4 - Precaution adoption process model.

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15
Q

What is the focus of the health belief model?

A

How perceptions of threat, and benefits of avoiding threat, contribute to health actions.

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16
Q

What is the focus of the stages of change model?

A

How various factors contribute to an individual’s readiness to change behaviour.

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17
Q

What is the focus of the theory of planned behaviour?

A

How attitudes and perceived norms contribute to behaviour.

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18
Q

What is the focus of the precaution adoption process model?

A

The journey from a lack of awareness to action and maintenance.

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19
Q

Give an example of a behaviour change theory / model that focuses on interpersonal behaviour.

A

The social cognitive theory.

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20
Q

What is the focus of the social cognitive theory?

A

How personal and environmental factors contribute to behaviour.

21
Q

List 3 personal and environmental factors that contribute to behaviour according to the social cognitive theory.

A

1 - Capacility.

2 - Expectations.

3 - Self-efficacy.

22
Q

List 5 factors that contribute to an individual’s perceptions of threat according to the health belief model.

A

1 - Perceived susceptibility.

2 - Severity.

3 - Benefits.

4 - Barriers.

5 - Self-efficacy.

23
Q

List 3 behaviour change theories / models that focus on community behaviour.

A

1 - Community organisation theory.

2 - Diffusion of innovation theory.

3 - Communication theory.

24
Q

What is the focus of the community organisation theory?

A

The practice of individuals and agencies collaborating and addressing issues deemed important and necessary within a given community.

25
Q

List the advantages of community collaboration according to the community organisation theory.

A

1 - Community empowerment.

2 - Increases community capacity.

26
Q

What is the focus of the diffusion of innovation theory?

A

How new ideas and practices spread within society.

27
Q

List the factors that affect how new ideas and practices spread within a society according to the diffusion of innovation theory.

A

1 - Compatibility.

2 - Complexity.

3 - Trialability.

4 - Observability.

28
Q

What is the focus of the communication theory?

A

How different types of communication affect behaviour.

29
Q

List the stages of the intervention ladder.

A

1 - Do nothing.

2 - Provide information.

3 - Enable choice.

4 - Guide choice through disincentives.

5 - Guide choice through incentives.

6 - Guide choice through policies.

7 - Restrict choice.

8 - Eliminate choice.

30
Q

List 5 health communication techniques to influence and promote conditions conducive to health.

A

1 - TV adverts.

2 - Billboards.

3 - Leaflets.

4 - Cigarette pack labels.

5 - Food labelling.

31
Q

Define mutual aid.

A

Opportunities where people who share common problems can support each other.

32
Q

List 3 examples of mutual aid.

A

1 - Alcoholics anonymous.

2 - Weight management.

3 - Cardiovascular rehabilitation.

33
Q

List 3 examples of organisational changes that create environments to better enable people to make healthy choices.

A

1 - School healthy eating policies.

2 - No smoking policies.

3 - Workplace exercise programmes.

34
Q

List the targets of each of the 3 approaches to medical health promotion.

A

1 - Medical: high risk individuals.

2 - Behavioural: High risk groups.

3 - Socio-environmental: High risk societal conditions.

35
Q

What is the major advantage of population approaches as compared to high risk individual / group approaches?

A

Although there are only small changes at the individual level, the population benefit is substantial.

36
Q

Give an example of a high risk individual / group approach to health promotion.

Give an example of a population approach to health promotion.

A
  • High risk approach: cardiovascular risk screening.

- Population approach: North Karelia project.

37
Q

What was the North Karelia project?

A

A population approach of health promotion among men in North Karelia to reduce smoking, cholesterol and blood pressure.

38
Q

On a graph showing risk (x axis) and number of individuals in a population (y axis), how would the bell curve distribution be affected by:

1) A high risk approach?
2) A population approach?

A

1) A high risk approach would make the downward slope of the bell curve steeper / more concave.
2) A population approach would move the entire bell curve to the left.

39
Q

What is the healthy town programme?

What specific changes might be made under the healthy town programme?

A
  • A population approach of health promotion that brings about environmental changes in towns and residential areas.
  • Specific changes include cycle lanes, safer home designs for the elderly and fast-food free zones.
40
Q

Define choice architecture.

A

Any aspect of architecture that alters people’s behaviour in a way without eliminating any options or significantly changing their economic incentives.

41
Q

What is the difference between legislation and policy?

A
  • Legislation is enforced by law.

- Policy is a plan of action to guide adherence to legislation.

42
Q

What is the difference between an interventionist and a libertarian?

A
  • An interventionist would argue that the state should create freedom for individuals.
  • A libertarian would argue that interventions by the state should be minimal.
43
Q

List 3 examples of health-promoting legislation that were initially met by controversy but are generally accepted today.

A

1 - 1st PH Act, 1848, which gave the government power over water and sewage systems.

2 - Licensing act, 1872, which restricted pub opening times and prohibited children from drinking spirits in a pub.

3 - Seatbelt wearing mandatory, 1983.

44
Q

Which groups of people respond more to price changes?

A

The poor and the young.

45
Q

Define social capital.

A

The factors of effectively functioning social groups for example:

  • Interpersonal relationships,
  • A shared sense of identity, and
  • Shared norms.
46
Q

List 2 implementation issues of socio-environmental interventions.

A

1 - Generally more costly and difficult to implement than individual-level interventions.

2 - They are subject to shifting political / societal ideologies.

47
Q

List 4 actions that should be taken by a doctor to promote health.

A

1 - Ask about lifestyle.

2 - Offer advice.

3 - Refer if necessary.

4 - Empower patients to self-manage chronic disease.

5 - Undertake public health research.

6 - Contribute to national reports.

48
Q

What is a brief intervention?

A

A short, evidence-based, structured conversation about a patient’s behaviour.