Italian Renaissance Flashcards

1
Q

Renaissance

A

means “rebirth” (following the original birth of civilization)

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2
Q

origin of Renaissance

A

Florence

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3
Q

Florence

A

origin of Renaissance

small city in Italy

first city in Europe to recover from Plague

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4
Q

causes of Italian Renaissance

A

humanism

plague

fall of Constantinople (brain drain)

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5
Q

humanism

A

belief that all human beings have value

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6
Q

message spread by Petrarch

A

education has ability to improve human condition

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7
Q

Plague

A

disease from Asia which quickly killed many in Europe

spread extremely easily and quickly

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8
Q

effects of Plague on Europe

A

killed 30% of population

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9
Q

effects of Plague on Florence

A

killed 70% of Florence

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10
Q

effects of Plague on economy

A

immediately hurt economy by killing many workers

gradually helped economy as population recovered

growth of middle class allows people to spend money on more than just necessities

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11
Q

fall of Constantinople

A

invasion of Roman capital by Persians

caused a brain drain to Florence

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12
Q

brain drain

A

emigration of educated people from a particular city or area

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13
Q

effects of fall of Constantinople

A

helped Florence’s economy

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14
Q
A

known as “Lamentation” or “Lamentation of Christ”

painted by Giotto

from Italian Renaissance

blue sky was unique

example of psychological realism

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15
Q

psychological realism

A

style of art which depicts emotions on faces

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16
Q
A

known as “The Trinity” or “The Holy Trinity”

painted by Masaccio

from Italian Renaissance

example of use of perspective

people who bought the painting can be seen

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17
Q

perspective

A

art tool used to create illusion of 3-dimensional space on a 2-dimensional surface

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18
Q
A

known as “Saint Sebastian”

painted by Andrea Mantegna

from Italian Renaissance

arrows symbolize how it was believed God gave people Plague

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19
Q

Saint Sebastian

A

patron saint of the Plague

executed by arrows

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20
Q

color which Mary wears in art

A

blue

symbolizes faithfulness

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21
Q

color which Mary Magdeline wears in art

A

red

symbolizes sin

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22
Q

color which John wears in art

A

red

symbolizes devout faith

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23
Q
A

known as “David”

painted by Andrea del Castagno

from Italian Renaissance

shows both before and after

painted on shield (never used in battle)

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24
Q
A

known as “Birth of Venus”

painted by Sandra Botecelli

from Italian Renaissance

first naked painting of Italian Renaissance

flying people are swooping in to clothe Venus

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25
Q

excuse used to justify nudity in Birth of Venus

A

Venus is goddess of love

Venus’s nudity represents purest love of God

nobody loves God more than Mary

symbolizes Mary’s love for God

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26
Q
A

known as “David”

sculpted by Donatello

from Italian Renaissance

nudity is accurate to original story

intentionally looks weak and feminine

celebration of Florence’s unexpected victory over Milan

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27
Q
A

known as “Pazzi Chapel”

designed by Brunelleschi

from Italian Renaissance

paid for by Pazzi family

never used as burial site of Pazzi family (as punishment for wrongdoings)

arch in middle of pillars was useless (only aesthetic)

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28
Q

Pazzi family

A

2nd richest family in Florence during Italian Renaissance

hated Medici family

paid for construction of Pazzi chapel

attempted to conspire against Medici family

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29
Q

Medici family

A

richest family in Florence during Italian Renaissance

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30
Q

Leonardo da Vinci

A

Italian polymath

self-described engineer

big gay

wrote in reverse

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31
Q

Leonardo da Vinci’s inventions

A

submarine

hang-glider

parachute

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32
Q

Leonardo da Vinci’s painting techniques

A

chiaroscuro

sfumato

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33
Q

chiaroscuro

A

translates to “light/dark”

painting technique which gives impression of spotlight on 1 side of painting

creates dramatic effect

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34
Q

sfumato

A

painting technique which creates smokey or hazy effect

makes painting appear out of focus

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35
Q
A

known as “Madonna of the Rocks” or “Virgin of the Rocks”

painted by Leonardo da Vinci

from Italian Renaissance

example of chiaroscuro

example of sfumato

depicts Mary, John, Jesus, and an angel sitting together

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36
Q

Michelangelo

Michelangelo Buonarotti

A

Italian polymath

(likely) fruity fruity

could have been on the spectrum

37
Q

evidence that Michelangelo could have been on the spectrum

A

socially awkwardness

prolonged attention

38
Q

jobs of Michaelangelo

A

sculptor

painter

biologist

engineer

39
Q
A

known as “Creation of Man” or “Creation of Adam”

painted by Michelangelo

from Italian Renaissance

most iconic part of Sistine Chapel

40
Q
A

known as “Moses”

sculpted by Michelangelo

from Italian Renaissance

huge

only part of tomb of Pope Julius II sculpted by Michelangelo (rather than his assistants)

modeled after Pope Julius II

has horns due to mistranslation in Michelangelo’s Bible

41
Q

Rafael

A

Italian painter

drowning in pussy

42
Q
A

known as “School of Athens”

painted by Rafael

from Italian Renaissance

found in Vatican (ironic because it contains images of pagans)

depicts all famous Greeks with faces of Rafael’s friends

signified that the modern Italians were just as good as the classic Greeks and Romans

43
Q
A

known as “Burial of the Count of Orgaz”

painted by El Greco

from Italian Renaissance

depicts 2 miracles

44
Q

2 miracles depicted in Burial of the Count of Orgaz

A

shows Saint Augustine and Saint Stephen at funeral after they had died

Count of Orgaz did not have to go to purgatory

45
Q

effects on Italian Renaissance

A

invention of printing press (1439)

Protestant Reformation (1517)

rise of capitalism

46
Q

inventor of printing press

A

Johannes Gutenberg

47
Q

effect of printing press on Renaissance

A

increased literacy rate of Europe to 17% for both men and women

allowed ideas (particularly Greek literature) to spread much faster

48
Q

first thing ever printed using printing press

A

Bible

49
Q

start of Protestant Reformation

A

nailing of 95 theses on the door of Church of Wittenburg by Martin Luther

50
Q

Martin Luther

A

Catholic priest who started Protestant Reformation in Germany

fought against indulgences within Catholic Church

51
Q

spread of Protestant Reformation

A

spread throughout all northern European countries (not adjacent to Mediterranean Sea) except Belgium and part of Ireland

52
Q

power of Protestant countries

A

most powerful countries in Europe

53
Q

effects of rise of capitalism

A

creation of a large middle class

54
Q
A

known as “Mérode Alterpiece”

painted by Robert Campin

from Flemish Renaissance

3 lilies symbolize Holy Trinity

crucifix can be seen descending from window

55
Q

altarpiece

A

painting placed on or behind an altar

56
Q

triptych altarpiece

A

altarpiece with 3 panels

57
Q

polyptych altarpiece

A

altarpiece with multiple panels

58
Q
A

known as “Descent from the Cross” or “Deposition of Christ”

painted by Rogier van der Weyden

from Netherlandish Renaissance

uses colors to direct eyes

59
Q

Jan van Eyck

A

Flemish painter from Bruges

1 of best oil painters

60
Q

oil paint

A

pigment mixed with linseed oil

dries slowly (good for mixing colors and fixing errors)

61
Q
A

known as “Arnolfini Wedding Portrait” or “Arnolfini Portrait”

painted by Jan van Eyck

from Flemish Renaissance

entire painting can be seen in reverse through mirror (including viewer and van Eyck)

fruit near window symbolize fertility

62
Q
A

known as “Garden of the Lights” or “Garden of Earthly Delights”

painted by Hieronymus Bosh

from Netherlandish Renaissance

very weird (lots of butt stuff)

panels show order of events from beginning to end

63
Q
A

known as “Henry VIII”

painted by Hans Holbein

from Swiss Renaissance

extremely great detail

64
Q
A

known as “Return in the Snow” or “Return of the Hunter”

painted by Pieter Bruegel

from Flemish Renaissance

example of genre

example of atmospheric perspective

has bad composition (all important stuff is on one side)

eyes are led across canvas by birds and direction of people

65
Q
A

known as “Isenheim Altarpiece”

painted by Matthias Grunewald

from German Renaissance

Borowicz gives thumbs up

larger than life-size

highly accurate account of events

66
Q

atmospheric perspective

A

art tool used to create illusion of 3-dimensional space on 2-dimensional surface

used in images of outdoors

67
Q

genre

A

scene from everyday life

image of regular people doing regular people stuff

68
Q

printmaking

A

method for artists to make many copies of single original

69
Q

types of printmaking in Renaissance

A

woodcut

engraving

70
Q

woodcut

A

hard to depict gray

not extremely precise

71
Q

engraving

A

better than woodcut

72
Q

effects of printmaking on society

A

allowed artists to make equivalent or more money by selling more copies for lower prices

allowed regular people to afford artwork

73
Q
A

known as “Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse”

created by Albrecht Dürer

from German Renaissance

example of extremely high-quality woodcut (almost as good as engraving by using many thin lines to make gray)

74
Q

Baroque

A

time of ornate or irregular art

period which follows Renaissance

counter-reformation

age of science

75
Q

effects of Baroque on architecture

A

100 or more churches built within small timeframe

76
Q

effects of Baroque on art world

A

big boom in job creation for architects, construction workers, painters, and sculptors

77
Q

Caravaggio

A

most influential artist of Baroque period

had bad temper (arrested weekly)

78
Q

Caravaggio’s influences on Baroque

A

dramatic lighting

psychological realism

naturalism

79
Q
A

known as “Death of the Virgin”

painted by Caravaggio

from Italian Baroque

buyer did not understand concept that Mary was dead

80
Q
A

known as “Judith and Holofernes”

painted by Artemisia Gentileschi

from Italian Baroque

head-chopee is Judith’s rapist

self-portrait of Gentileschi

6 different renditions created

81
Q

Artemisia Gentileschi

A

1 of 1st famous female Italian artists

82
Q

Gianlorenzo Bernini

A

Borowicz’s favorite sculptor

Borowicz claims “he’s the cheese”

lived a good life

83
Q
A

known as “David”

sculpted by Bernini

from Italian Baroque

only image of David which shows older man

self-portrait of Bernini

84
Q

Flanders

A

old-timey Belgium

Catholic country (controlled by Spain)

85
Q
A

known as “Rape of Daughters of Leucippus”

painted by Sir Peter Paul Rubens

from Catholic Flemish Baroque

shows lots of nudity (completely acceptable in Baroque)

pale and thicc women seen as more attractive

86
Q
A

known as “Las Meninas” or “Ladies in Waiting”

painted by Diego Valasquez

from Catholic Spanish Baroque

1 of best paintings in Baroque

propoganda used to normalize the royal family

influenced by Caravaggio

87
Q
A

known as “Malle Babbe”

painted by Frans Hels

from Protestant Netherlandish Baroque

name means “Bad Grandma” in English

old lady is trashed

possibly seen as a witch

88
Q
A

known as “Girl with a Pearl Earring”

painted by Jans Vernier

from Protestant Netherlandish Baroque

made Borowicz want to cry

about to say something (as known by licked lips and wide eyes)

rags on head are worn by servants

servants do not wear pearl earrings

89
Q
A

known as “Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp”

painted by Rembrandt

from Catholic Netherlandish Baroque

dissection of Jew or criminal

Dr. Tulp was known as best doctor in Amsterdam