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Module 204, Theme 1: Immunology > Overview > Flashcards

Overview Flashcards

1
Q

ALL blood cells develop from…

A

The pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

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2
Q

All lymphoid cells develop from…

A

Common lymphoid progenitor (multipotent)

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3
Q

Common myeloid progenitor

A

Develops into granulocyte/ macrophage progenitor

Develops into megakaryocyte/ erythrocyte progenitor

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4
Q

Common lymphoid progenitor

A

Multipotentent cell produce a line of lymphoid cells

  • B cells
  • T cells
  • NK cells
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5
Q

Granulocyte/ macrophage progenitor cells

A

Multipotent cell produced in the bone marrow that gives rise to granulocytes and monocytes

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6
Q

Neutrophils

A

Granulocyte with multilobed nucleus

- Carries out phagocytosis

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7
Q

Eosionophils

A

Granulocyte

  • Levels increase in allergies
  • Associated with parasitic, helminth infections
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8
Q

Monocytes

A

Myeloid cell found in the blood
- Becomes macrophages in tissues

Function

  • Phagocytosis
  • Antigen presentation
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9
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Myeloid cells found in the tissue (when mature)

- Undergoes antigen presentation

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10
Q

Basophil

A

Myeloid cells
- Mast cells are the tissue resident counterpart

Function not completely understood

  • Increased in allergies
  • Involved in helminth infections
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11
Q

NK

A

Innate lymphocytes

Function

  • Direct lysis of infected cells
  • Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
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12
Q

Examples of lymphoid tissue

A

Payers path- small intestines

Spleen

Kidney

Lymph nodes and lymphatics

Adenoid, tonsils

Thymus

Appendix

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13
Q

Cytokines

A

Small proteins that are released from a cell and triggers a response in another cell.

Interleukins (Mainly)

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14
Q

Chemokines

A

Signalling proteins released from cells that control temporal and spatial arrangement of cells and tissue
- Similar to cytokines but with different structure

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15
Q

Features of innate antigen receptors

A

Do not recognise specific antigens
- PRR recognises PAMPs

Genome encoded
- Specific genes in the genome encode specific receptors, doesn’t change

Not clonally distributed.

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16
Q

Mannose binding ligand (MBL)

A

A Pattern recognition receptor that binds to specific spacial formation of mannose and fructose residues on plasma membrane
- Binds to the spacial formation on foreign pathogens, not host cells.

17
Q

Features of adaptive antigen receptors [5]

A

Specificity- Recognises specific antigens

Produced by random somatic recombination of gene segments

Great receptor diversity

Clonally distributed

Memory

18
Q

Antibody structure

A

B cell Y-shaped receptors

  • Can be surface bound or secreted
  • Recognises intact antigens

Contains a light and heavy chain

  • Constant region (Fc)
  • Variable region
  • Ag binding site
19
Q

T cell receptor

A

Surface receptor on CD4 and CD8 T cells

  • Recognises processed antigens (linear peptides)
  • Can only bind to peptide associated with MHC

Structure

  • Alpha and beta chain
  • Variable region
  • Constant region connected to hinge- help by disulphide bond
  • Transmembrane region
  • Cytoplasmic tail
20
Q

Somatic recombination

A

The process of producing T and B cell receptors

V and J gene segments in the light chain and V, D, J segments in the heavy chain are randomly combined
- Then spliced at the end of the constant region

Produced large receptor diversity
- Not enough space in the genome to produce as many

21
Q

CD8 T cell function

A

Cytotoxic cell that lysis viral-infected cells.

Mehanism

  • Viral proteins in the cytosol are bound to MHC I in ER
  • The peptides are presented on the cell surface
  • Viral peptide bound to MHC binds to T cells
22
Q

CD4 T cell recognition mechanism

A
  1. Antigen taken into intracellular vesicles
  2. Antigens are degraded in endosomes into peptide fragments.
  3. Vesicles with peptides fuse with MHC II vesicles.
  4. MHC II presented on cell surface with pathogenic peptide
23
Q

Blood vessels changes underlying inflammation

A

Vasodilation + increased vascular permeability
- Influx of exudates and leucocytes

Adhesion molecules

24
Q

Effector mechanisms

A

Barriers (skin, acid pH in gut etc etc)​

Cytokines​

Complement​

Phagocytosis (enhanced by opsonisation)​

Cytotoxicity (CD8 T cell, NK cell)​

Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity​

Mast cell and eosinophil degranulation

Module 204, Theme 1: Immunology (22 decks)

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