Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Kinesiology > Endocrine Physiology: Central Hormones > Flashcards

Endocrine Physiology: Central Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine system includes

A 
Hypothalamus 
Pituitary 
Thyroid 
Parathyroid
Adrenals 
Pancreas 
Ovaries 
Testes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Chemical regulating system

A 
Hormones = 
Made in glands or cells 
Transported by blood 
Distant target tissue receptors 
Activates physiological response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hormone function

A

Control of = enzymatic reactions, transport of ions or molecules across cell membranes, gene expression and protein synthesis
Exert effects at very low concentrations
Bind to target cell receptors
Half-life indicates length of activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hormones control…

A 
Water balance and blood volume 
Metabolism 
Energy balance and appetite 
Digestion 
Circulation 
Growth and development 
Reproduction 
RBC production 
Stress management
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Tropic hormones

A

Act on other endocrine glands = control of hormone secretion
Non tropic hormones = act on effector organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hormones and neuropeptides

A

Endocrine glands =
Secrete hormones
Ductless

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Neurohormones/neuropeptides

A

Neuro-secretory cells = secrete neurohormones or neuropeptides
Adrenal medulla = catecholamines
Hypothalamus = posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hormones classification

A

Peptide hormones = protein
Steroid hormones = cholesterol
Amine hormones = tryptophan or tyrosine (amino acids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Peptide or protein hormones

A

Prepohormone = large, inactive
Pro hormone = post-translational modification
Hormone = final cuts make before it exits the cell to make it an active hormone, travels freely in the blood but cannot cross cell membrane, short half-life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Peptide hormone-receptor complex

A

Surface receptor
Hormone binds = enzyme activation or opens channel or 2nd messenger systems
Cellular response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Steroid hormone features

A

Cholesterol derived = lipophilic and can enter target cell
Must travel in blood bound to a protein
Cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors (mostly) = activate DNA for protein synthesis
Slower acting
Longer half-life
Examples = cortisol, estrogen, testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Amine hormone features

A

Ring structures
Derived from one of 2 amino acids
Tryptophan = melatonin
Tyrosine = thyroid hormones and catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Amine hormone structure

A

Catecholamines behave similar to peptides

Thyroid hormones behave similar to steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Synthesis and storage: peptide hormones

A

Made in advance

Stored in secretory vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Synthesis and storage: steroid hormones

A

Synthesized on demand from precursors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Synthesis and storage: catecholamines

A

Made in advance

Stored in secretory vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Synthesis and storage: thyroid hormones

A

Made in advance

Precursor stored in secretory vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Release from parent cell: peptide hormones

A

Exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Release from parent cell: steroid hormones

A

Simple diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Release from parent cell: catecholamines

A

Exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Release from parent cell: thyroid hormones

A

Simple diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Transport in blood: peptide hormones

A

Dissolved in plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Transport in blood: steroid hormones

A

Bound to carrier proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Transport in blood: catecholamines

A

Dissolved in plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Transport in blood: thyroid hormones

A

Bound to carrier proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Half-life: peptide hormones

A

Short

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Half-life: steroid hormones

A

Long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Half-life: catecholamines

A

Short

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Half-life: thyroid hormones

A

Long

30
Q

Location of receptor: peptide hormones

A

Cell membrane

31
Q

Location of receptor: steroid hormones

A

Cytoplasm our nucleus

Some have membrane receptors also

32
Q

Location of receptor: catecholamines

A

Cell membrane

33
Q

Location of receptor: thyroid hormones

A

Nucleus

34
Q

Response to receptor-ligand binding: peptide hormones

A

Activation of second messenger systems

May activate genes

35
Q

Response to receptor-ligand binding: steroid hormones

A

Activation of genes for transcription and translation

May have nongenomic actions

36
Q

Response to receptor-ligand binding: catecholamines

A

Activation of second messenger systems

37
Q

Response to receptor-ligand binding: thyroid hormones

A

Activation of genes for transcription and translation

38
Q

General target response: peptide hormones

A

Modification of existing proteins and induction of new protein synthesis

39
Q

General target response: steroid hormones

A

Induction of new protein synthesis

40
Q

General target response: catecholamines

A

Modification of existing proteins

41
Q

General target response: thyroid hormones

A

Induction of new protein synthesis

42
Q

Examples of peptide hormones

A

Insulin

Parathyroid hormone

43
Q

Examples of steroid hormones

A

Estrogen
Androgens
Cortisol

44
Q

Example of catecholamine proteins

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

45
Q

Example of thyroid hormone

A

Thyroxine (T4)

46
Q

Blood hormone levels depend on

A

Rate of hormone secretion
Rate of hormone degradation
Rate of hormone excretion (kidneys)

47
Q

Hormone interactions

A 
Synergism = multiple stimuli (more than additive) eg) glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol 
Permissiveness = need second hormone to get full expression 
Anatgonsim = pairs of hormones with opposing effects eg) glucagon opposes insulin
48
Q

Examples of permissiveness

A

One sided effect
TH increases number of receptor sites and increases effect of epinephrine
But epinephrine does not necessarily increase effect of TH

49
Q

Negative feedback

A

Self regulates hormone levels

Turns off response homeostatically

50
Q

Endocrine control

A

3 levels
Hypothalamic (from CNS)
Pituitary stimulation (hypothalamic tropic hormones)
Endocrine glands stimulation (pituitary tropic hormones)

51
Q

Other factors

A 
Hormone secretion also affected by: 
Emotional state 
Disease state 
Stress 
Diet 
Sleep
Body cycles (cardiac rhythm, menstrual cycle)
52
Q

Endocrine dysfunction

A

Abnormal plasma concentrations of a hormone
Hyposecretion = too little hormone is secreted
Hypersecretion = too much hormone is secreted

53
Q

Hyposecretion

A

Primary hyposecretion = too little hormone is secreted due to gland abnormality
Causes = genetic (type 1 diabetes), dietary (iodine and TH), chemical or toxic, immunologic/auto-immune (hashimotos), diseases/cancer
Secondary hyposecretion = gland is normal but too little hormone is secreted due to decreased tropic hormone (anterior pituitary)

54
Q

Hypersecretion

A

Causes = tumours (can continuously secrete excess hormone), immunologic
Primary hypersecretion = too much hormone is secreted due to abnormality within gland
Secondary hypersecretion = excessive stimulation from outside the gland causes over secretion

55
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Homeostasis

Controls anterior pituitary which then controls other endocrine glands

56
Q

Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones

A

Anterior pituitary hormones are stimulated or inhibited by one or more hypothalamic hormones

57
Q

Posterior pituitary (neurohypophyis)

A

Hormones made in the hypothalamus
Oxytocin and ADH
Stored in the posterior pituitary
When neuron is excited hormone is released

58
Q

Oxytocin

A

Stimulates uterine contractions in child birth

Promotes milk ejection during lactation

59
Q

ADH (vasopressin)

A

Anti-diuretic hormone
Released if blood volume is low or blood osmolarity is high (eg-dehydration)
Increases water reabsorption in kidney (decreases urine output)

60
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

Decreased ADH
Excessive polyuria (urinating 8-90L of urine in 24 hours, hypotension, dizziness, constipation)
Treated with vasopressin replacements

61
Q

Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

A 
Secretes 6 peptide hormones 
5 are tropic 
FSH
LH
Growth hormone 
TSH
Prolactin 
ACTH
62
Q

Gonadotropins

A 
FSH = follicle stimulating hormone, promotes sperm and egg production 
LH = luteinizing hormone, estrogen and testosterone secretion from gonads (acts with FSH), ovulation
63
Q

Secreting hormones

A 
TSH = thyroid stimulating hormone, acts on thyroid, promotes TH secretion 
ACTH = adenocorticopic hormone, acts on adrenal cortex, promotes cortisol secretion
64
Q

Prolactin

A

Non-tropic hormone

Acts on mammary glands (breast development, milk production)

65
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

Causes liver to release IGFs (insulin-like growth factors, somatomedins)
Stimulates protein synthesis and cell division (increased muscle, lengthening and thickening of bones)

66
Q

Growth hormones other metabolic effects not related to growth

A

Increased fatty acids in blood (breakdown of fat stored in adipose tissue)
Increased blood glucose (decreased glucose uptake by muscles)

67
Q

Endocrine control of growth

A

Growth depends on growth hormone and on other factors =
Genetics - maximum growth capacity
Adequate diet and sleep
Freedom from chronic disease and stress
Normal levels of growth-influencing hormones (TH, insulin, epinephrine, androgens)

68
Q

Growth rate

A

Not continuous
Fetal growth (promoted by hormones from placenta, GH plays no role)
Postnatal growth spurt (first two years of life, GH controlled)
Pubertal growth spurt (adolescence, GH)

69
Q

GH hyposecretion

A

Low GH
Dwarfism (no genetic disease)
Proportional growth

70
Q

GH hypersecretion

A

Too much GH
Before growth plates close = gigantism, lengthening of bones
After growth plates close = acromegaly, thickening of bones instead

71
Q

Pineal gland

A

Secretes melatonin = Influences body clock and antioxidant activity
Other roles need research = SAD-seasonal affective disorder, sexual behaviour

Kinesiology (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions