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KIN 311 > Echocardiography > Flashcards

Echocardiography Flashcards

1
Q

Indirect cardiac assessments:

A
  • ECG
  • MRI
  • X ray
  • angiography (with MRI, invasive)
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2
Q

With x ray, you can see…

A
  • lung function
  • lung issues impact cardiac function
  • general idea of cardiac size
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3
Q

With angiography, you can see…

A
  • inject radial label tracer, can see different vessels and heart
  • heart attack, finding blockage
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4
Q

Direct cardiac assessments:

A

open heart surgery

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5
Q

Advantages of echo:

A
  • non-invasive
  • relatively quick analysis and assessment
  • use at patient bedside
  • measurements in real time
  • gain a lot of information about cardiac function
  • cheap compared to MRI
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6
Q

Disadvantages of echo:

A
  • requires a trained sonographer
  • expensive compared to ECG/ICG
  • image resolution not as good as MRI
  • quality dependent on windows
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7
Q

2D echocardiography appearance:

A

black and white

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8
Q

What is the parasternal long axis used for?

A
  • measure wall thickness
  • diameter of aorta or left ventricular OT
  • septum
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9
Q

Grey on 2D echo:

A

cardiac tissue

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10
Q

Black on 2D echo:

A

blood

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11
Q

Bright white on 2D echo:

A

pericardium (fluid in it)

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12
Q

IVS =

A

intraventricular septum

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13
Q

What can we see from the parasternal short axis?

A
  • can see valve moving

- can see more about how the heart contracts in a wringing action

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14
Q

What can we see from the apical view?

A
  • look from bottom up
  • everything is upside down and opposite
  • EDV and ESV taken here
  • can calculate SV
  • SV x HR = CO
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15
Q

EDV:

A
  • end diastolic volume
  • relaxation of ventricles
  • what you start with (higher)
  • depend on how well blood is returning to heart
  • how much blood goes into atria in to ventricles
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16
Q

ESV:

A
  • contraction of ventricles
  • heart is ejecting blood
  • ESV is smallest (systolic pressure is highest)
17
Q

Diastole:

A

ventricular relaxation

18
Q

Early diastole =

A

passive filling

19
Q

Late diastole =

A

atrial contraction

20
Q

Systole:

A
  • ventricular contraction

- ejection of blood from the heart

21
Q

Cardiac diastole:

A
  • all chambers are relaxed

- blood flows into the heart

22
Q

Atrial systole, ventricular diastole:

A

atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles

23
Q

Atrial diastole, ventricular systole:

A

after the atria relax, the ventricles contract, pushing blood out of the heart

24
Q

What can we see from the subcostal view?

A
  • up and through heart
  • inferior vena cava
  • diameter
  • pressure in right side of heart
25
Q

M-mode:

A
  • old school
  • replaced by 2D measurement
  • gives you clear information on one section only
  • structure
  • motion of tissues
  • chamber dimensions
26
Q

TDI =

A

tissue doppler imaging

27
Q

TDI is for…

A
  • movement (velocity of tissue)

- right ventricle, septum, or left ventricle

28
Q

3 letters in TDI and meanings:

A
  • S = systole
  • E = early filling/diastole
  • A = atrial contraction
29
Q

Doppler echocardiography is for…

A
  • movement (velocity) of blood

- regurgitation

30
Q

Why would a heart remodel?

A
  • exercise training

- pregnancy

31
Q

Exercise training heart remodelling:

A
  • thicken walls
  • increase ventricular cavity/chamber size
  • increase overall size of the heart (cardiac hypertrophy)
  • chambers get larger
  • walls get larger
32
Q

How does heart remodelling differ between concentric and eccentric exercises?

A
  • eccentric: all growth proportional to each other

- concentric: walls are thicker, may not see same change in chamber size (disproportional cardiac size change)

33
Q

Why do cardiac stress testing?

A
  • abnormalities may be undetectable at rest
  • symptoms in patients observed during exertion
  • insight into dynamic cardiac function
34
Q

Expected acute changes with exercise:

A
  • increase HR
  • increase BP
  • increase SV
  • increase CO
  • increase EDV
  • decrease ESV
  • progressive changes in function
35
Q

Increased HR means…

A
  • heart contracts over same period of time
  • time of filling changes with change in HR
  • HR up = reduced time for early filling
  • atria needs to work hard (atrial contraction will be bigger)
36
Q

Why are there no changes in cardiac structure with 1 bout?

A
  • need repeated bouts of exercise for chronic adaptation

- stretch in ventricles overtime will stimulate remodelling

KIN 311 (19 decks)

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