Skinner

Question 1

Doctrine that avoids all hypothetical constructs such as ego, traits, drives and concentrates almost exclusively on observable behavior

Answer 1

Radical behaviorism

Question 2

Provides the most useful data in predicting behavior

Answer 2

History

Question 3

Stated that responses followed by a satisfier tend to be learned

Answer 3

Thorndike’s law of effect

Question 4

Goal of psychology is the prediction and control of behavior and that goal could best be reached by limiting psychology to an objective study

Answer 4

John Watson’s goal in psychology

Question 5

Should not be used to explain behavior

Answer 5

inner states

Question 6

Characteristics of science

Answer 6

cumulative, attitude that values empirical observation, searches for order and lawful relationships

Question 7

Pairing of a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus until conditioned stimulus was sufficient to elicit the unconditioned stimulus; phobias, fears, anxieties

Answer 7

Classical conditioning or respondent conditioning

Question 8

Reinforcement is used to increase the probability that a given behavior will recur; most human behaviors are learned

Answer 8

Operant conditioning

Question 9

Experimenter first rewards gross approximations, then closer approximations, and finally the desired behavior itself

Answer 9

Shaping

Question 10

3 conditions of operant conditioning

Answer 10

antecedent, behavior and consequence

Question 11

Strengthen behavior and reward person

Answer 11

Reinforcement

Question 12

The effect of punishment to avoid pain and its attendant anxiety

Answer 12

Defense mechanisms

Question 13

Associated with a primary reinforcer

Answer 13

Conditioned reinforcer

Question 14

Associated with more than 1 primary reinforcer (money, attention, approval, affection)

Answer 14

Generalized reinforcer

Question 15

Organism reinforced intermittently accdg. to number of responses it makes; reward every nth it makes

Answer 15

Fixed ratio

Question 16

Organism is reinforced after an average of a predetermined numbr of responses; a response is reinforced after an unpredictable # of responses (e.g. slot machines, lottery)

Answer 16

Variable ratio (highest response rate)

Question 17

Reinforcement made only after a set interval of time

Answer 17

Fixed interval

Question 18

Reinforcement provided after an inconsistent amount of time has passed and following a specific behavior (e.g checking email any time to check messages)

Answer 18

Variable interval

Question 19

The tendency of a previously acquired response to become progressively weakened upon nonreinforcement

Answer 19

extinction

Question 20

3 forces of human behavior

Answer 20

natural selection, cultural evolution and individual’s history of reinforcement

Question 21

reinforcing behaviors were beneficial to the species tended to survive and non-reinforcing dropped out

Answer 21

Natural selection

Question 22

Societies whose members behaved cooperatively tended to survive

Answer 22

Cultural evolution

Question 23

Thinking, problem solving, reminiscing are covert behaviors that take place within the skin but not inside the mind

Answer 23

Complex behavior

Question 24

Random or accidental conditions are produced that have some possibility of survival

Answer 24

Creativity

Question 25

When people no longer think about it because it has been suppressed thru punishment

Answer 25

Unconscious behavior

Question 26

Covert and symbolic forms of behavior that are subject to the same contingencies or reinforcement as any other behavior; wish-fulfillment purpose

Answer 26

Dreams

Question 27

4 basic method of social control

Answer 27

• operant conditioning
• describing contingencies (use of language)
• deprivation and satiation
• physical restraint

Question 28

When people control their own behavior, they do so by manipulating the same variables that they would use in controlling someone else’s behavior which is outside of themselves

Answer 28

Self-control

Question 29

Social control and self-control produce counteracting strategies and inappropriate behaviors

Answer 29

The unhealthy personality

Question 30

Escape, revolt, passive resistance

Answer 30

Counteracting strategies (Used when social control is excessive)

Question 31

Individuals act to form social groups because such behavior tends to be reinforcing

Answer 31

Social control

Question 32

Self defeating techniques of counteracting social control or from unsuccessful attempts at self-control with strong emotion

Answer 32

Inappropriate behavior

Question 33

Excessive vigorous behavior, excessive restrained behavior, self-deluding, self-punishment

Answer 33

Inappropriate behaviors

Question 34

goal of behavior therapy

Answer 34

mold desirable behavior by reinforcing slightly improved changes in behavior and point out positive consequences of behavior

Question 35

Impaired ability to learn from negative consequences

Answer 35

Psychopathy