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Ecology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Weather

A

Day to Day variation

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2
Q

Define Climate

A

Long term average description of weather

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3
Q

Why do we care about climate?

A

Climate impacts species disturbance and abundance.

Each specie is must adapt to environment in which they live in examples like food resources and temperatures.

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4
Q

True or False. Species distributions are related to constrains opposed by the environment.

A

True

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5
Q

Give an example as two why lower rainfall decreases tropical bird population.

A

Not as much fruit is grown so survival of the fittest evolves on who can survive with less or on other food sources.

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6
Q

What is the El Niño southern oscillation?

A

Caused by flip flop of atmospheric pressure.

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7
Q

How does El Niño effect the environment? (3)

A
  1. Monkeys fall out of trees in panama.
  2. Fish and plankton kills
  3. Increased cyclones, droughts, fires, and other natural disturbances.
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8
Q

How does El Niño effect populations? (5)

A
  1. Billions of dollars spent due to natural disaster
  2. Food shortage
  3. Contamination of drinking water
  4. Crop shortage
  5. Increase mosquito borne disease
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9
Q

What influences where species live?

A

Physical environment is ultimate determinant or species habitat.

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10
Q

What is the ultimate source of energy that drives climate?

A

Solar radiation. Cause the earth is at a tilt the orbit allows the suns radiation to hit at an angle affecting surface area.

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11
Q

Define Hadley cells.

A

A large scale atmospheric convection cells which air rises at the quarter and sinks at medium latitudes.

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12
Q

Describe how Hadley cells work.

A
  1. Intense solar radiation is absorbed as moisture in the air at the equator
  2. As the air warms it expands and rises
  3. As it rises the air then cools causing it to form rain clouds
  4. Cold air can hold less moisture causing it to rain in the tropics
  5. More air rises pushing the dry air towards the poles
  6. Dry air eventually cools and at 30 degrees N and S creates bands of desserts at these latitudes.
  7. The dry, dense air moves back towards the equator where it is warmed once again
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13
Q

Solar heating at 60 degrees N and S drives the ________________ which are similar to Hadley cells, but less intense.

A

Polar cells

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14
Q

________________ of the mid latitudes are driven by the convection forces of the Hadley and polar circulation cells.

A

Ferrel Cells

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15
Q

Define Coriolis Effect

A

Differences in velocity mean that as air or water moves north or south over earth surface, its trajectory appears to be deflected.

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16
Q

True or False. Coriolis effect has no effect on airplanes direction
.

A

False

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17
Q

True or False. Coriolis effect influences hurricanes and trade winds?

A

True

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18
Q

What is the effect of wind ward side of the rainshadow?

A

Wetter, because as cool air rises it can not hold the moisture.

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19
Q

Why is the leeward side more dry?

A

The air that comes over the mountain is typically hotter causing the air to be drier.

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20
Q

Why are ocean currents like conveyor belts.

A

Because it distributes heat around the globe. Makes the temperatures not as extreme because it moves warmer waters to colder water and vise versa.

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21
Q

Convergence

A

The tendency of unrelated animals and plants to evolve superficially similar characteristics under similar environmental conditions.
A location where air flows or ocean currents meet, characteristically makes by upwelling or air or downwelling of water.

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22
Q

Biome

A

A large natural occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat.

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23
Q

Tropical rainforests

A

No dry season
Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn
Slight variation in temperature

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24
Q

Tropical dry or seasonal Forrest

A

Seasonal rains
Climate varies between very wet seasons and very dry seasons
More variability of temperatures that rain Forrest

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25
Q

Tropical Savannah

A

Grassland system with some trees
Short rain season with less rain that seasonal Forrest
Very fire prone

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26
Q

Temperate grassland

A

Colder Great Plains
Desired growing seasons
Peak rain season matches peak temperature
Varied month mean temperatures are below freezing
Winters are cold and dry

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27
Q

Chaparral - temperate shrubland

A

Mediterranean climate with summer drought

Moist and cool seasons

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28
Q

Wetter than grassland but low variability in precipitation during seasons

A

Temperate seasonal/ deciduous Forrest

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29
Q

Temperate evergreen/ rainforest

A

Very wet and cool

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30
Q

Desert

A

Driest
Large temperature changes
Harsh environment conditions

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31
Q

Boreal or Taiga Forest

A

Great temperature variation
Dry and cold
Limited growing season

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32
Q

Tundra

A

Precipitation can be very low

Short growing season

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33
Q

Why does tolerance define species ranges?

A

Range in which species can live or survive in.

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34
Q

Autotroph

A

Self feeders
Producers
Create own food through photosynthesis

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35
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Other feeders
Consumers
Obtain their needs from other organisms.

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36
Q

Define Respiration

A

Produces free energy that can be used by cells

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37
Q

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

A
  1. Light dependent

2. Light independent

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38
Q

End products for light dependent

A

NADPH, ATP, O2

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39
Q

End products for light independent

A

3 Carbon sugar

From NADPH and ATP

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40
Q

differentiate a bird that lives on the Laramie Plain vs. a tropical bird

A

Laramie plain: more tolerate temperature range -40 to 90 degrees
Tropic bird: would not be able to cross range 20-80 degree

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41
Q

when salinity affects temperature what happens?

A

a change in currents and depth of water

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42
Q

Marine- Palagic or Open Sea

What happens as you go deeper

A

Decreasing light and temp with depth produces a series of vertical habitat zones

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43
Q

Marine - Littoral/ Intertidal

A

up again land, shallow

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44
Q

Marine- Coastal subtidals

A

Very productive in marine habitat

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45
Q

Estuaries and Tidal Marshes

A

Productive = because things being brought in by land

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46
Q

Lakes

what is the difference between the littoral zone and limnetic zone?

A

Littoral: Up by shore, sunlight penetrates and warms the water
Limnetic: Temp and other physical and chemical factors change rapidly with depth, water can be cold and dark and may lack oxygen

47
Q

Why must living organisms have a food source?

A

Obtain nutrients and energy to survive

48
Q

sugars are used as __________ in plants to store energy for later

A

batteries

49
Q

C3 photosynthesis produces what? and results in?

A

3 carbon sugar

plants bringing in CO2 and releasing O2 into the atmosphere

50
Q

for plants to obtain carbon what must open and the account of water loss?

A

Stomata

51
Q

three ways to minimize water loss?

A
  1. Dense hair and spines
  2. Cover surface with thick waxy cuticle
  3. Adjust timing of opening of stomata (night, CAM plants)
52
Q

What can Rubisco fix?

A

O2

53
Q

solution to rubisco’s affinity for O2

A

Separate the reactions into 2 different cells
C4 photosynthesis
increase CO2 production
requires more ATP

54
Q

C3 photosynthesis

A

reactions occurring in same cell and at the same time
cooler, wetter, cloudier environments
early spring

55
Q

C4 photosynthesis

A

Separate reactions spatially
Bright, warm
grown when warms up (july)

56
Q

CAM photosynthesis

A

separate reactions temporally
Hot, very dry environmnet
ex. prickly pear

57
Q

two forms of energy gain as a heterotroph

A
  1. chemistry of food

2. Effort in capturing food

58
Q

Adaptations acquiring food- morophological

A

mouthparts/ bills/ teeth
claws
eyes

59
Q

define evoloution

A

Change in composition of a population from one generation to the next (before genetics)

60
Q

Natural Selection according to Darwin (3) all must be present

A
  1. Individuals vary in traits
  2. Traits are inherited from parents
  3. Individuals wit certain traits are better at reproducing or surviving than those with other traits
61
Q

When all three traits of Darwin NS are present what happens to survival, fecundity, death, and reproductive failure?

A

survival and fecundity become for common and death and reproductive failure become more rare

62
Q

Definition of Evolution with genetics

A

Change in allele frequencies from one generation to the next

63
Q

genes have two forms of what?

A

alleles

64
Q

Genotype

A

genetic makeup ex. AA, Aa, aa

65
Q

5 assumptions with allele frequencies

A
  1. no Natural Selection
  2. Mate Randomly
  3. No Genetic Drift
  4. No Mutations
  5. No Gene flow
66
Q

Mechanism of Natural Selection

A

process by which individuals with certain heritable characteristics survive and reproduce better than individuals with other heritable characteristics in a particular environment

67
Q

Natural Selection is NOT

A
  1. produce perfection
  2. guiding hand
  3. random
  4. must have variation to act on
68
Q

One type of NS is directional selection, what is this?

A
  1. changes the average value of a trait
  2. large or small trait favored
    ex. darwins fitches beak size
69
Q

2nd type of NS is Stabilizing selection

A
  1. No change in the average trait value over time
  2. Central trait value is favored
  3. genetic variation is reduces
    favor middle part of the curve
70
Q

3rd type of NS is Disruptive selection

A
  1. No change in the average trait value over time
  2. Extremes are favored
  3. Genetic Variation is increased
  4. can potentially lead to reproductive isolation and separation
    selection against mean
    can drift into two different species
71
Q

What is fluctuating Natural Selection?

A

when selection on a trait changes back and fourth in directions
what is favored in a given year

72
Q

Denfine mechanisms of evolution: genetic drift

A

Change in allele frequencies from one generation to the next due to chane

a. greater in a small population
b. random with respect to fitness

73
Q

4 effects of genetic drift on a small population

A
  1. fluctuation in allele frequencies= disappearance of some fixation of others
  2. reduces genetic variation of a population
  3. Increases the frequency of harmful alleles
  4. increases genetic differences between populations
74
Q

Definition of Gene flow

A

movement of alleles between populations

75
Q

2 important affects of Gene flow

A
  1. makes population more similar to each other
  2. introduces new alleles to a population
    genetic diversity or can increase or decrease fitness
76
Q

Definition of Mutation

A

A change in the DNA of a gene

77
Q

Mechanisms of Mutation

A

formation of new alleles and increases genetic diversity
source of genetic variation
rarely mutation produces a beneficial allele

78
Q

Which increases Genetic Diversity?

NS, Genetic Drift, Gene flow, Mutation

A

NS, Gene flow, mutation

79
Q

Which decreases Genetic Diversity?

NS, Genetic Drift, Gene flow, Mutation

A

NS, Genetic Drift

80
Q

why does genetic diversity matter?

A

give a group the ability to respond to change in the environment
lower genetic diversity means higher probability of extinction

81
Q

true of false. increased risk of survival with decreases heterozygosity

A

false

82
Q

true of false. less inbred higher lifetime success

A

true

83
Q

Definition of Life Histories

A

Strategy of the major events in an organism’s life

84
Q

list the traits of life history

A 
growth patterns
age at maturity
size at maturity
number of offspring
size of offspring
length of life
85
Q

life history schedules include

A

major events related to growth, development, reproduction, and survival

86
Q

Semelparous reproduce how many times? How many offspring?

A

reproduce once

many small offspring

87
Q

iteroparous reproduce how many times? How many offspring?

A

reproduce many times

fewer large offspring

88
Q

life history variation and constraints

A
  1. must divide up limited resources into all of their needs

2. how allocate resources depends upon environment

89
Q

Life history trade offs

A

Resources devoted to one structure or function cannot be devoted to another
negative correlation

90
Q

T or false. LH traits are not variable across species, populations, and individuals

A

false

91
Q

t or f. LH traits are often vary consistently with respect to environment

A

true

92
Q

t or f. LH traits are typically correlated with each other

A

true

93
Q

r selection

A

disturbed habitats
adapt slow
closer to equator

94
Q

k selection

A

stable environments
adapt fast
colder environments

95
Q

trade off of early maturity

A

Benefit: higher probability of surviving to maturity
cost: lower reproductive success, increase risk of mortality

96
Q

Resources are not always limiting…

A

some can have it all. Depends on the individual and the environment

97
Q

define population ecology

A

to understand distribution and abundance of organisms and how and why they change over time

98
Q

Define population

A

Group of interaction individuals of one species living in a specific area

99
Q

if a population reproduces sexually

A

group of interbreeding individuals

100
Q

if a population reproduces asexually

A

other kinds of interactions, like competition

101
Q

size of a population

A

number of individuals in an area

102
Q

Density of a population

A

number of individual per unit area

103
Q

Population abundance: 1) area-based counts

A

count the number of individuals in a given area or volume

quadrats

104
Q

population abundance: 2) distance sampling

A

measurements of distance from a point or straight line
ex. quail
highly mobile organisms

105
Q

population abundance: 3) mark- recapture methods

A

subset o individuals are captured, marked, and released

106
Q

assumptions for mark and recapture methods

A
  1. population size does not change during sampling
  2. each individual has an equal chance of being captured
  3. marking does not harm individuals or alter behavior
  4. marks are not lost over time
107
Q

What influences population?

A

birth
death
immigration
emigration

108
Q

Age structure of population

A

Proportion of population within each age class

109
Q

2 primary types of population age structure

A
  1. cohort life tables (all born at same time, study of 800+ years {hard to track in a life time})
  2. static life tables (be able to age animals, assume mortality and fecundity do not change over time)
110
Q

three different population growth

A
  1. Geometric
  2. exponential
  3. logistic
111
Q

Geometric growth

A

a. reproduce in synchrony at discrete intervals
b. population grows by constant proportions
c. population are not limited in growth

112
Q

exponential growth

A

population with continuous reproduction changes in size b constant proportion at each instant in time

113
Q

logistic growth

A

maximum number of individuals that an environment will sustain-ably support

114
Q

What drives logistic growth?

A
  1. density dependence: vital rates change as a function of density of a population
  2. density independence: vital rates are not a function of population density

Ecology (3 decks)

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