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Anatomy and Physiology II LECTURE > Ch. 18: Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Ch. 18: Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

The pulmonary circuit goes from the _____ to the ______

A

Lungs to heart

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2
Q

The systemic circuit goes from the ______ to the ____

A

Heart to body

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3
Q

____ go to the heart and ____ lead away from the heart

A

Veins; arteries

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4
Q

How much does the heart weigh?

A

Less than a pound, or 250-350 grams.

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5
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Two thirds of the heart lean toward the left of the midsternal line

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6
Q

______: double walled sac that surrounds the heart and is made up of two layers

A

Pericardium

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7
Q

Of the two layers of the pericardium, this layer functions to protect, anchors heart to surrounding structures, and prevents overfilling. Which layer is it?

A

Superficial Fibrous Pericardium

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8
Q

Of the two layers of the pericardium, this layer has two more layers called the visceral layer and parietal layer. Which layer is it?

A

Serous Pericardium

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9
Q

Of the two layers in the serous pericardium, which one lines the internal surface of the the fibrous pericardium?

A

Parietal layer

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10
Q

Of the two layers of the deeper serous pericardium, which one is on the external surface of the heart?

A

Visceral layer

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11
Q

What separates the two layers of the two layered serous pericardium?

A

The pericardial cavity

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12
Q

What is the function of the pericardial cavity?

A

Decreases friction

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13
Q

Inflammation of the pericardium is called _______

A

Pericarditis

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14
Q

“Roughens membrane surfaces, causing pericardial friction rub” which heart condition does this describe?

A

Pericarditis

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15
Q

_____ _____ is excess fluid that leaks into the pericardial space

A

Cardiac tamponade

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16
Q

Which heart condition compresses the hearts pumping ability?

A

Cardiac tamponade

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17
Q

What is the treatment for cardiac tamponade?

A

Fluid is drawn out of the cavity with a syringe.

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18
Q

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

A

Epicardium, Myocardium, and the Endocardium.

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19
Q

The ______ layer of the heart wall has circular or spiral bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cells.

A

Myocardium

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20
Q

The ______ layer of the heart wall is also known as the cardiac skeleton, crisscrossing with an interlacing layer of connective tissue

A

Myocardium

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21
Q

The ____ _____ of the myocardium anchors cardiac muscle fibers, supports great vessels and valves, and limits the spread of action potentials to specific paths

A

Cardiac skeleton

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22
Q

The ______ is the innermost layer of the heart wall

A

Endocardium

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23
Q

The ______ is continuous with endothelial lining of blood vessels, lines the heart chambers, and covers the cardiac skeleton of the valves

A

Endocardium

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24
Q

During fetal development, what is the fossa ovalis and why does it need to exist?

A

The fossa ovalis is a hole between the two atriums during fetal development so the blood can continue to flow throughout the heart and body while ignoring the lungs. This is because the lungs are not in use until the child is born. Blood has to bypass the non-ventilated lungs.

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25
Q

Which surface feature of the heart encircles the junction of atria and ventricles?

A

Coronary sulcus

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26
Q

The coronary sulcus contains which two arteries?

A

The left and right coronary artery

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27
Q

The ______ ______ _____ contains the posterior inter ventricular artery

A

Posterior inter ventricular sulcus

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28
Q

The ____ ______ collects CO2 rich blood from the heart and dumps the blood into the right atrium

A

Coronary sinus

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29
Q

______ are small, thin walled chambers that contribute little to the propulsion of blood

A

Atriums

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30
Q

_____ are appendages that increase atrial volume

A

Auricles

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31
Q

The _____ atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body

A

Right

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32
Q

Which three veins empty into the right atrium?

A

Superior and inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus

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33
Q

The ______ vena cava returns blood from body regions above the diaphragm

A

superior

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34
Q

The ______ vena cava returns blood from body regions below the diaphragm

A

inferior

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35
Q

The ______ ______ returns deoxygenated blood from from coronary veins into the right atrium

A

coronary sinus

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36
Q

The posterior portion of the right atrium contains ridges formed by _____ _____

A

pectinate muscles

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37
Q

The anterior portion of the right atrium is ____ _____

A

smooth walled

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38
Q

The pectinate muscles of the ____ _____ are only found in the auricles

A

Left atrium

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39
Q

The ____ ____ has four pulmonary veins

A

Left atrium

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40
Q

The ______, also called the discharging chambers, make up most of the volume of the heart

A

Ventricles

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41
Q

The _____ ventricle makes up most of the anterior surface

A

Right ventricle

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42
Q

The ____ ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk

A

right

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43
Q

The _____ ventricle is on the posterior-inferior surface of the heart

A

left v

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44
Q

The _____ _____ are irregular ridges of muscle on the ventricular walls

A

Trabeculae carneae

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45
Q

The _____ muscles project into the ventricular cavity and anchor the chordae tendineae that are attached to the ____ _____

A

Papillary; heart valves

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46
Q

_____ _____ ensure unidirectional blood flow throughout the heart

A

heart valves

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47
Q

_____ _____ open and close in response to pressure changes

A

Heart valves

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48
Q

The two major types of vales are _______ and ______

A

atrioventricular and semilunar

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49
Q

The atrioventricular valves are named the _______ valve (also known as mitral) and the ______ valve

A

Bicuspid and tricuspid

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50
Q

No valves are found between major veins and the atria because? Two reasons.

A

Inertia of incoming blood prevents blood flow. Heart contractions compress venous openings

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51
Q

Which atrioventricular valve is found in the left ventricle?

A

Bicuspid

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52
Q

Which atrioventricular valve is found in the right ventricle?

A

Tricuspid

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53
Q

As the ventricles relax and intraventricular pressure falls, which valves close?

A

The semilunar valves

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54
Q

Which two conditions severely weaken the heart?

A

Incompetent Valve and Valvular stenosis

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55
Q

The heart condition ____ _____ is when the blood flows backwards so the heart repumps the same blood over and over.

A

Incompetent valve

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56
Q

The heart condition ____ _____ characterized as stiff flaps that constrict opening. The heart needs to then exert more force to pump blood.

A

Valvular stenosis

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57
Q

Defective valves can be replaced with ______, ______, or _____ valves

A

Mechanical, animal, or cadaver.

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58
Q

The heart is between the ___ and ___ intercostal space

A

2nd and 5th

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59
Q

Are equal volumes of blood pumped to the pulmonary and systemic circuits?

A

Yes

60
Q

True or false, the pulmonary circuit is long with high pressure circulation.

A

False, the pulmonary circuit is short with low-pressure circulation

61
Q

The _____ circuit is long with high friction circulation.

A

Systemic

62
Q

“Blood loses force as it travels” This describes which circuit?

A

Systemic

63
Q

When is blood pressure at its highest during the systemic circuit?

A

It is highest when leaving the left ventricle

64
Q

The heart only receives how much of the body’s blood supply?

A

1/20th

65
Q

The _____ ____ provide additional routes for blood delivery

A

coronary arteries

66
Q

The ____ ____ cannot compensate for coronary artery occlusion

A

coronary arteries

67
Q

The ____ coronary artery breaks into the circumflex artery and anterior interventricular artery

A

left

68
Q

The circumflex and anterior interventricular artery of the left coronary artery do what?

A

Feed nutrients and oxygen to the heart.

69
Q

The ____ coronary artery feeds the right side of the right, specifically the right ventricle

A

right

70
Q

What does the coronary sinus do?

A

Collects the blood rich with oxygen from three main major veins surrounding the heart and dumps that blood into the right atrium

71
Q

____ _____ is insufficient blood flow to the heart muscles from narrowing of the coronary arteries. May cause angina. What happens to the tissue and why?

A

Angina Pectoris. The tissue dies from lack of o2 and nutrients

72
Q

_______ ____ is from prolonged coronary blockage. Areas of cell death are repaired by noncontractile scar tissue.

A

Myocardial infarction

73
Q

Describe the physical characteristics of cardiac muscle

A

Striated, short branched, fat, interconnected

74
Q

____ ____ has one central nucleus

A

cardiac muscle

75
Q

can cardiac muscle have multiple nuclei?

A

at most, 2 only.

76
Q

True or false, cardiac muscle cells contain numerous mitochondria that afford resistance to fatigue

A

True

77
Q

Which organelle within cardiac cells utilizes the most oxygen?

A

Mitochondria

78
Q

____ in cardiac cells are wider and less numerous

A

T-tubules

79
Q

_____ only enter cardiac cells once at the Z-disc

A

T-tubules

80
Q

The sarcoplasmic reticulum is simpler in ____ muscle than in ____ muscle

A

The SR is simpler cardiac muscle than in the skeletal

81
Q

Cardiac muscle contain multiple ____ junctions

A

Gap

82
Q

Why does cardiac muscle contain gap junctions?

A

Gap junctions allow the heart to be a functional syncytium(a single coordinated unit)

83
Q

What keeps myocytes from pulling apart?

A

Desmosomes

84
Q

____ ____ at the intercalated discs electronically connect myocytes.

A

gap junctions

85
Q

The intercellular space between cells has connective matrix tissue called ______ that contains numerous capillaries

A

endomysium

86
Q

“Muscle contraction is preceded by depolarizing action potential” Is this aspect of cardiac muscle a similarity or difference with skeletal muscle?

A

Similarity

87
Q

“Deep polarization waves travel down t-tubules; causes sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Ca2+” Is this a difference or similarity between cardiac and skeletal muscle?

A

Similarity

88
Q

What are the two different types of myocytes?

A

Contractile cells and pacemaker cells

89
Q

Which myocyte makes up 99% of cardiac cells?

A

Contractile

90
Q

_______ cells: non contractile cells that spontaneously depolarize

A

pacemaker cells

91
Q

These cells make up 1% of cardiac cells

A

Pacemaker cells

92
Q

Pacemaker cells are also known as ______ cells

A

noncontractile cells

93
Q

True or false, cardiac cells cannot be self-excitable.

A

False; pacemaker cells are self-excitable

94
Q

Pacemaker cells _______ without signal from the brain

A

depolarize

95
Q

True or false: All cardiomyocytes contract as a unit or none contract at a ll.

A

True

96
Q

An influx/efflux of calcium from the extracellular fluid triggers Ca2+ release from SR

A

Influx

97
Q

______ _____ cannot occur in cardiac muscles

A

Tetanic contractions

98
Q

Which muscle fibers have longer absolute refractory periods, skeletal or cardiac?

A

Cardiac

99
Q

Having a longer absolute refractory period allows the heart to do what?

A

Relax and fill as needed in order to be an efficient pump

100
Q

The heart has ____, _____ contractions because rest stops are needed

A

Short, multiple

101
Q

The heart relies almost exclusively on ______ _______

A

aerobic respiration

102
Q

The atria walls of the heart are thin because blood is coming into receiving chambers at ____ _____ pressure

A

low blood

103
Q

What is the intrinsic cardiac conduction system?

A

A network of non contractile cells that initiate and distribute impulse to coordinate depolarization and contraction of the heart

104
Q

_______ follows depolarization

A

Contraction

105
Q

Pacemaker cells initiate _____ _____

A

Action Potential

106
Q

In the first part of action potential via pacemaker cells, which channels are closed, and which channel is slightly open?

A

K+ channels are closed, sodium is slowly moving, causing the interior to become more positive

107
Q

In the second part of action potential via pacemaker cells, _____ channels open around -40mV, allowing a huge influx of this charged cation

A

Ca2+

108
Q

In the third part of action potential, Repolarization, ___ channels open, allowing efflux of ____ and cells become more negative

A

K+

109
Q

-60mV to -40mV is _______ potential (right before depolarization)

A

pacemaker

110
Q

Defects in the intrinsic conduction system cause what two issues?

A

Arrhythmia’s and Fibrillation

111
Q

______: irregular heart rhythms

A

Arrhythmia’s

112
Q

_______: rapid, irregular heart rhythms

A

Fibrillation

113
Q

The heartbeat can be modified by the ______ ____ _____ via the medulla oblongata

A

Automatic nervous system; ANS

114
Q

The _________ center sends signals through the sympathetic trunk to increase both rate and force

A

Cardio-acceleratory

115
Q

The ________ center: parasympathetic signals via the vagus nerve to decrease rate.

A

Cardio-inhibitory

116
Q

Which cardiac center inhibits SA and AV nodes via the vagus nerves?

A

Cardio-inhibitory

117
Q

Contractile muscle fibers make up the bulk of the heart and are responsible for _______

A

pumping

118
Q

Action Potential in skeletal muscle only lasts 1-2ms. How long does it last in cardiac muscle?

A

200ms

119
Q

Contractions of skeletal muscle only last 15-100ms. How long does it last in cardiac contractions?

A

over 200ms

120
Q

What are the benefits of longer AP and contractions?

A

-Longer refractory periods prevent tetanic contractions. Sustained contractions ensure efficient ejection of blood

121
Q

Systole is the period of heart ______

A

contraction

122
Q

Diastole is the period of heart ______

A

relaxation (When you “di”, you finally get to relax)

123
Q

The cardiac cycle is when what happens?

A

Blood flows through the heart during one complete heart beat

124
Q

_______ systole and diastole are followed by _________ systole and diastole

A

Atrial; ventricular

125
Q

The _____ _____ represents a series of pressure and blood volume changes

A

cardiac cycle

126
Q

______ events of the hart follow electrical events seen on ECG

A

Mechanical

127
Q

How many phases are within the cardiac cycle?

A

3

128
Q

Name the phases of the cardiac cycle 1-3

A
  1. Ventricular filling
  2. Ventricular systole
  3. Isovolumetric relaxation: early diastole
129
Q

Phase one of the cardiac cycle is: ventricular filling. This is mid-to-late _______

A

diastole

130
Q

When the ventricular chambers are filling, pressure is ____, and 80% of blood is passively/quickly flowing from atria through open AV valves into the ventricles

A

low; passively

131
Q

Atrial ________ in phase one triggers atrial ______, pushing the remaining 20% of blood into the ventricle

A

depolarization triggers atrial systole

132
Q

In phase one, once the blood has filled the ventricles, this is called _____ _____ ___. Why?

A

End diastolic volume. Volume of blood in each ventricle is at the end of ventricular diastole(relaxation. about to become systole)

133
Q

In phase one, once the depolarization spreads to the ventricles, the atria finish contracting and return to diastole

A

diastole

134
Q

Phase two of the cardiac cycle is called _____ _____

A

ventricular systole

135
Q

In phase two, the ______ relax and the ______ begin to contract

A

atria; ventricle

136
Q

During phase two of the cardiac cycle the rising ventricular pressure causes the closing of the ___ _______

A

Av valves

137
Q

There are two smaller phases within phase two: Ventricular systole. What are they called?

A

Isovolumetric contraction phase and the ejection phase

138
Q

2a of ventricular systole, Isovolumetric Contraction, is when all or some valves are closed?

A

All valves are closed

139
Q

2b of ventricular systole, the ejection phase, is when what happens?

A

Ventricular pressure exceeds pressure in large arteries, forcing the Semilunar valves open

140
Q

During the injection phase, what is the pressure at in the aorta?

A

120mmHg

141
Q

“ventricular pressure exceeds pressure in large arteries, forcing the SL valves open” this describes which phase?

A

Ejection phase within phase two

142
Q

The remaining blood in the ventricles following contraction is known as ____ _____ ____

A

End systolic volume

143
Q

Phase three of the cardiac cycle is called ______ ______: early diastole

A

Isovolumetric relaxation

144
Q

Following ventricular repolarization, the _______ are relaxed, the atria are relaxed and already filling

A

ventricles

145
Q

During the isovolumetric relaxation phase, back flow of blood in the aorta and pulmonary trunk causes what to happen?

A

The SL valves close

146
Q

During the isovolumetric relaxation phase, when _____ pressure exceeds ______ pressure, the AV valves open and…..

A

atrial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure…..the cycle begins again

Anatomy and Physiology II LECTURE (18 decks)

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