Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CJ Atlas of Prosthetics > Chapter 6A- Upper-Limb Prosthetics > Flashcards

Chapter 6A- Upper-Limb Prosthetics Flashcards

1
Q

What are body powered prosthetics?

A

The force to operate components comes from mechanical transmission of muscluar effort generated elsewhere in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are externally powered prosthetics?

A

A source outside the body generates power to operate the components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the advantages of body powered devices?

A

Low cost
Light weight
High reliability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the disadvantages of body powered devices?

A

Harness restricts work envelope
Harness encumbers the noninvolved side
Uses their own energy- might tire
Cosmetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two classes of terminal devices?

A

Passive

Prehensile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the advantages of passive devices?

A 
No moving part- less mechanical problems
Lightweight
Reliable
Social acceptance
Functional static grasp
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two types of passive devices?

A

Passive hand

Mitts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which passive devices is usually recommended for infants?

A

Mitts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which passive device is usually recommended for sporting activities?

A

Mitts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a prehensor terminal device?

A

Offers active grasp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the two classifiers for prehensors?

A

Voluntary-opening Devices

Voluntary-closing devices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What can classifiers for prehensors be subdivided into?

A

Hand like shapes

Utilitarian shapes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the traditional utilitarian shape?

A

Split hook

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When is stainless steel used for utilitarian devices?

A

Usually for heavy-duty Transradial patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the letter “X” indicate when looking at the hook types?

A

The addition of neoprene rubber finger linings to improve friction and grasp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the letter “A” indicate when looking at the hook types?

A

Made from aluminum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the percent of weight that is reduced by using an aluminum hook?

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the different series hook types?

A 
Series 5- Male
Series 8- Females
Series 9- adolescents
Series 10- children
Series 12- Infants
Work hook
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the letter “P” indicate when looking at the hook types?

A

Plastisol- soft rubber material made in Negroid and Caucasion tones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a work hook/Farmer’s hook?

A

Heavy duty stainless-steel hook, with a large opening between the two “fingers” that is designed to grasp shovels or similar objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does canted mean?

A

The slanted configuration of the hook fingertips

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does the canted hook provide?

A

Visual inspection during fine motor tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Bilateral amputees are usually given which type of hooks?

A

One canted

One straight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the CAPP terminal device

A

A voluntary-opening utilitarian shape that is not a hook but looks like a crab claw.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where was the CAPP terminal device made?

A

Child Amputee Prosthetic Project at UCLA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Who usually uses the CAPP terminal device?

A

Children

Though, there are adult sizes as well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Who was the APRL hook developed by?

A

Army Prosthetics Research Laboratory after WWII

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which classification does the APRL hook fall under?

A

Voluntary-closing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are some advantages of the APRL hook?

A

The fingers automatically lock in any position once grasp is accomplished
Has a selector switch
Operator lever is on the ulnar side of the device
Allows graded prehension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does the selector switch on the APRL hook allow the amputee to choose?

A

A large finger opening
A small finger opening
Freewheeling- A small opening with the locking function eliminated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What was the APRL hook originally developed to use?

A

Biceps cineplasty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the disadvantages of the APRL hook?

A

Mechanical complexity
Expensive
Prone to breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Who might benefit from an APRL hook?

A

Bilateral amputees- only on one hand

Previous users

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Who created a series of voluntary-closing utilitarian devices?

A

Bob Radocy a recreational therapist and transradial amputee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What materials are Bob Radocy’s hooks?

A

Aluminum
Stainless steel
Plastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Who likes Bob Radocy’s braces the best?

A

Children
Athletes
Unilateral transradial amputees
Long residual limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is different about Bob Radocy’s hooks?

A

No locking mechanism

Amputee must maintain force to grasp object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the disadvantages of the voluntary-closing hand

A

Frictional loss
Rubber cosmetic glove impedes motion
Contours block visual inspection of the fingertips

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the disadvantages of the voluntary-opening hands?

A

Friction loss
Glove restricting movement
Visual impedance of fingers
Limited pinch force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Who would not do well with Voluntary-closing/opening hands?

A

Bilateral amputees, due to limited functional capabilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the Becker Plylite Hand?

A

Simple, Lightweight, voluntary-opening hand with the only moving component being the thumb.
It has an optional locking mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the Becker Lock-Grip and Imperial Hands?

A

Voluntary opening hands with control cable tension that causes all five fingers to open.
Lock-Grip has a mechanism to lock all fingers in a closed position
Imperial model has easy adjustment of finger prehension force with the use of a screw driver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the Robin-Aids Mechanical Hand?

A

Voluntary-opening hand with control tension that causes digits 2,3,4 and 5 to move away from a stationary thumb
The thumb can be prepositioned for normal or large opening prehension.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the Robin-Aids Soft Mechanical Hand?

A

Voluntary-opening with the thumb and first two fingers to open. Made of plastisol and covered with urethane foam that provides softness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the Sierra Voluntary-Opening Hand

A

Two position stationary thumb. The first two fingers move away from the thumb
Has a Bac Loc feature in all fingers and allows patients to hold heavy objects securely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the Hosmer-Dorrance Functional Hand?

A

Voluntary opening permits prosthetist to adjust finger prehension by the installation of different tension springs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is a prosthetic glove?

A

Rubberized covering that determines the external appearance of the prosthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are the three cosmetic glove types?

A

Stock glove
Custom Production glove
Custom-Sculpted Glove

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is a stock glove?

A

Most generic type comes in a few shades of Caucasion and Negroid plastics.
Need basic hand size and general skin tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is a custom production glove?

A

Made from doner mold of hand similar in shape to the amputees and then cover is selected for the best fit
Wider variety of skin tones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is a custom-sculpted glove?

A

Hand-made from a sculptured reverse copy of remaining hand.
Made from silicone rubber-more durable
Can cover myoelectric hand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are the two basic functions of wrist units?

A

Attach a terminal device to the forearm of the prosthesis

Permit the amputee to preposition the terminal device for operation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Why are wrist units important to transhumeral amputees?

A

They have lost all the ability to supinate and pronate the prosthetic arm. Wrist unit allows the needed ROM in the wrist to complete tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are the various types of Friction Wrist Units?

A

Oval-shaped
Round
Wrist disarticulation wrist unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What do the wrist units allow the amputee to substitute for?

A

Supination/Pronation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What’s the advantage of the oval-shaped friction wrist unit?

A

Cosmesis- Better transition between prosthetic hand and prosthesis.
More natural appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is the disadvantage of the oval-shaped friction wrist unit?

A

Not constant friction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is the difference between the wrist disarticulation wrist unit and the other wrist units?

A

They are made as thin as possible to conserve the length of the prosthetic forearm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What don’t the foregoing wrist units provide?

A

Constant friction

60
Q

What are constant-friction wrist units designed to provide?

A

Constant friction throughout the range of rotation of the terminal device.

61
Q

What do constant friction units use in the device to allow for the constant friction?

A

A nylon-threaded insert with steel lead threads

62
Q

How can the constant friction unit be fixed?

A

Replacing the entire nylon insert

63
Q

What are the four sizes for the round configuration of the constant friction wrist?

A

Infant
Child
Medium
Adult

64
Q

What are the sizes for the oval configuration of the constant friction wrist?

A

Medium

Adult

65
Q

What is the quick-change wrist unit?

A

A wrist unit designed to facilitate rapid interchange of different terminal devices, usually a hook and a hand

66
Q

What does the quick-change wrist unit allow the amputee to do?

A

Remove the terminal device from the wrist unit
Repalce the terminal device with a different device
Manually position the terminal device in supination or pronation
Lock the terminal device in the desired attitude of sup/pro

67
Q

What do most quick change wrist units use?

A

An adapter to be placed on the changing terminal devices

68
Q

What does light downward pressure cause allow, on a quick change wrist unit?

A

Unlocking of the terminal device to reposition

69
Q

What does a proximally directed axial force allow the amputee to do on a quick change wrist unit?

A

Lock the device in the new position

70
Q

What does a heavy downward pressure on the quick change wrist unit allow the amputee to do?

A

Eject the terminal device and switch it

71
Q

What does a wrist flexion unit allow the amputee to do?

A

Toileting
eating
shaving
dressing

72
Q

Which group of people do not necessarily need a wrist flexion unit?

A

Unilateral amputee because they can do all the activities with their other hand

73
Q

Who benefits from wrist flexion units?

A

Bilateral amputees

74
Q

What are the degrees of flexion available with the wrist flexion wrist unit?

A

Neutral
30 degrees of volar flexion
50 degrees of volar flexion

75
Q

What is the disadvantage of the Sierra wrist flexion unit?

A

Significantly heavier than the flexion wrist units

76
Q

What are the degrees of the Sierra wrist flexion unit?

A

0 degrees of volar flexion
30 degrees of volar flexion
50 degrees of volar flexion

77
Q

What is the advantage of the Sierra wrist flexion unit?

A

It has a much wider arc because it can rotate on the mount

78
Q

What is the difference between constant friction wrists and rotational wrists?

A

Rotational wrist units can be used with high labor/exertion activities and will stay locked in one position, unlike the constant friction wrist which will turn the terminal device with a lot of force

79
Q

How does the rotational wrist unit work?

A

Cable controlled, positive locking mechanisms
Allowing pronation and supination in any 360 degree angle
With greater resistance to rotation than friction wrists

80
Q

What is an advantage of the rotational wrist unit?

A

The cables cause the terminal devices to rotate back to a neutral position when not locked in place

81
Q

What is a ball-and-socket wrist unit?

A

A wrist unit that creates universal prepositioning of the terminal device with constant friction

82
Q

What are elbow units for the transradial amputees?

A

Flexible hinges that facilitate the transmission of the residual forearm rotation to the terminal device, minimizing the requirement for manual prepositioning by the amputee

83
Q

What are the different materials for elbow unit flexible hinges?

A

Metal
Leather
Dacron

84
Q

Where are the flexible elbow hinges attached?

A

Triceps pad

prosthetic forearm

85
Q

What do the flexible elbow hinges allow?

A

Transmission of 50% of the residual forearm rotation to the terminal device

86
Q

What are single-axis elbow hinges designed to provide?

A

Axial/rotational stability between the prosthetic socket and residual forearm

87
Q

If correctly aligned, what motions should the single-axis elbow hinges not restrict?

A

Flexion and extension ROM of the elbow

88
Q

What sizes are available for single-axis elbow hinges?

A

Adult

Child sizes

89
Q

What level of amputation requires the anteroproxiaml trim line of the socket to be close to the elbow joint?

A

Short transradial amputation

90
Q

What occurs with a high anterior socket wall, required by patients with short transradial amputations?

A

Bunching of soft tissue in the antecubital region causing restricted elbow flexion.

91
Q

What hinge helps increase elbow flexion by reducing the tendency for bunching of soft tissue?

A

Polycentric hinges

92
Q

What sizes are polycentric hinges available in?

A

Adult
Medium
Child

93
Q

What are the trim lines for amputation that are immediately distal to the elbow joint?

A

Extremely high trim lines

94
Q

With extremely high trim lines, what degree is the elbow restricted to during flexion?

A

90 degrees or less

95
Q

Which hinge can be used with patients needing extremely high trim lines?

A

Step-up hinge

96
Q

What is required of the prosthetic when using step-up hinges?

A

The prosthetic forearm and socket by separated

97
Q

What is another name for step-up hinged prosthetics?

A

Split-socket prostheses

98
Q

What do step-up hinges do?

A

Amplify the excursion of anatomic elbow joint by a ratio of approximately 2:1

99
Q

How much flexion is added when using step-up hinges with an anatomical elbow joint range of 60 degrees?

A

120 degrees

100
Q

What is required of the patient to use step-up hinges?

A

They must exert twice as much force to flex step-up hinges

101
Q

What sizes are available for step-up hinges?

A

Adult
Medium
Child

102
Q

What reasons make it difficult for a high transradial amputee to operate a conventional transradial prosthesis?

A

Inadequate strength of the elbow flexors
Inadequate flexion ROM
Inability to tolerate the pressure on the volar surface of the forearm when step-up hinges are used

103
Q

Which hinge is similar to the step-up hinge?

A

Stump-activated locking hinge because it also has to have a split socket

104
Q

What flexes the elbow joint when using stump-activated locking hinges?

A

Shoulder flexion on the amputated side

105
Q

What does the residual limb do when using the stump-activated locking hinge?

A

Locking and unlocking the mechanical joint.

106
Q

What sizes do the stump-activated locking hinges come int?

A

Adult

Small

107
Q

With the loss of the elbow joint, what ROM is required for function?

A

135 degrees of controlled flexion and extension

108
Q

What is also required of a prosthetic for elbow disarticulation or transhumeral patients?

A

Ability to lock in various degrees of flexion/extension

109
Q

What types of outside-locking hinges are available?

A

Standard

Heavy-duty

110
Q

What is provided by a standard outside-locking hinges?

A

Seven different locking positions throughout flexion

111
Q

What are the sizes of standard outside-locking hinges?

A

Adult
Medium
Child

112
Q

What does the heavy-duty outside locking hinge provide?

A

Five locking positions

113
Q

What size does the heavy-duty locking hinge come in?

A

Adult

114
Q

What are all the available transradial hinges?

A 
Flexible
Rigid
Single-axis
Polycentric
Step-up
Stump-activated locking
115
Q

What are all the available transhumeral/elbow disarticulation hinges available?

A 
Outside-locking
Inside-locking
Flail arm
Friction
Spring lift assist
116
Q

What length of humeral amputation provides adequate space to accommodate inside-locking elbow hinges?

A

5cm or 2in proximal from the elbow joint

117
Q

What do inside-locking elbow hinges provide?

A

11 locking positions

Incorporation of a friction-held turntable

118
Q

What does the turntable in the inside-locking elbow hinge permit?

A

Manual prepositioning of the prosthetic forearm as a substitute for external and internal rotation of the humerus

119
Q

What do flail arm hinges contain?

A

An oversized clock spring mechanism

120
Q

What does the clock spring mechanism in a flail arm hinge do?

A

Counterbalance the weight of the forearm.

121
Q

What is an option for the use of a clock spring mechanism in a flail arm hinge?

A

To use is singularly or in pairs depending on the degree of counterbalance desired

122
Q

What can be combined with a flail arm hinges?

A

Single free joint

Single locking joint

123
Q

What do friction elbow units require?

A

Passive positioning of the forearm

124
Q

What are the advantages of the friction elbow units?

A

Lightweight

Simple to operate

125
Q

What type of patients usually benefit from friction elbow units?

A

Cosmetic restorations
Pediatrics
Congenital patients
Brachial plexus injury involvement

126
Q

What elbow joint is similar to the flail arm hinge elbow unit?

A

Spring lift assist

127
Q

What is the spring lift assist elbow unit?

A

A clock spring unit that can be added to any mechanical elbow.

128
Q

What is the function of the spring lift assist elbow unit?

A

To counterbalance the prosthetic forearm and reduce the force necessary for elbow flexion.

129
Q

What are the advantages of using the spring lift assist elbow unit causing the reduction of force requirement?

A

Allows subtle harnessing adjustments that require less excursion from the amputee

130
Q

Who is usually prescribed the spring lift assist elbow unit?

A

Most amputees

Especially users with heavier steel terminal devices or hand prehensors

131
Q

What is the simplest design of shoulder units?

A

Bulk head design where the humeral segment is directly connected to the socket and no motion can occur.

132
Q

Which patients like the bulk head shoulder unit?

A

Unilateral amputees because they appreciate the weight savings

133
Q

What are the all shoulder designs available?

A 
Bulk head
Friction-loaded
Single axis
Double axis
Triple axis
Ball-and-socket
134
Q

What does the passive friction-loaded shoulder joint provide?

A

Assistance with dressing and desktop activities

135
Q

What does the single-axis shoulder unit permit?

A

Only abduction

136
Q

What does the double-axis shoulder unit permit?

A

Abduction and flexion

137
Q

What does the triple -axis and Ball-and-socket shoulder unit permit?

A

Universal passive motion

138
Q

What are the sizes available for all shoulder units?

A

Small
Medium
Large

139
Q

What must occur, if locking functions are desired?

A

Custom-built shoulder joint

140
Q

What is the nudge control unit?

A

A paddle-shaped lever that can be pushed by the chin or phocomelic digit, or other environmental objects to provide a small amount of cable excursion.

141
Q

When are cable units prescribed?

A

When other body motions are not available

142
Q

What is the original design of the nudge control unit?

A

Locking and unlocking the elbow

143
Q

How can the nudge control unit be adapted?

A

Adapted to operate other body powered components, including flexion and roation wrist units

144
Q

Who is the Otto Bock Pylon Arm for?

A

Transhumeral and shoulder disarticulation amputees

145
Q

What does the Otto Bock Pylon Arm permit?

A

Passive or cable-operated elbow flexion with manual locking.

146
Q

What adapters are used to help the internal or external rotation of the humerus and supination or pronation of the forearm when using the Otto Bock Pylon Arm.

A

Rotation adapters

147
Q

What are the terminal device options?

A

Cable-controlled
Voluntary opening or closing
Passive hand with spring-activated thumb and fingers
cosmetic

CJ Atlas of Prosthetics (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions