Attatchment

Question 1

Attachment

Answer 1

A close two way emotional bond between two individuals in which each individual sees each other as essential for their own emotional security

Question 2

How is attachment measured

Answer 2

Separation anxiety
Stranger anxiety
Reunion behaviour
Willingness to explore

Question 3

Caregiver infant interactions

Answer 3

Interactional synchrony
Reciprocity
Stages of attachment
Role of father

Question 4

Interactional synchrony

Answer 4

A theory of social communication where behaviours of one or more individuals become synchronised e.g. Infant and mother smiling simultaneously

Question 5

Meltzoff and Moore

Answer 5

Observed beginnings of interactional synchrony in infants from two weeks old
An adult displayed on one three facial expressions/ gestures
The child’s response was filmed
An association was found between the expression/gesture and response of baby
Interactional synchrony was found to be important for the development of mother infant attachment

Question 6

Interactional synchrony and Reciprocity Evaluation Strengths

Answer 6

Controlled observation
All behaviours were filmed so can later be analysed
Babies behaviour will not change in observation (good internal validity)

Question 7

Interactional synchrony and Reciprocity Evaluation Limitations

Answer 7

Observing in infants is hard -
Changes in expression may not be deliberate
Doesn’t explain why
Only describes behaviours - less useful
Socially sensitive
Suggests children are disadvantaged by particular child rearing practices

Question 8

Schaffer and Emerson Evaluation Strengths

Answer 8

High external validity
Behaviour unlikely to be affected by presence of observer
Longitudinal
No individual difference- high internal validity
Helped to formulate 4 stages of attachment

Question 9

Schaffer and Emerson Evaluation Limitations

Answer 9

Social desirability bias from mothers
Difficult to establish cause and effect
Lacks population and temporal validity

Question 10

Stages of attachment Evaluation Strengths

Answer 10

Easily replicable

Reliable - has been replicated and universal evidence to show attachment develops in these stages

Question 11

Stages of attachment Evaluation Limitations

Answer 11

Individual differences 
Asocial stage - difficult to make judgements
Lacks temporal validity 
Only make observational assumptions
Doesn’t explain why

Question 12

Lorenz Evaluation

Answer 12

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Suggests cause of attachment is nature
-
Can’t generalise birds to humans
Mammalian attachment system differs from birds 
Human babies born without motor skills
Impact of imprinting is not permanent 
- Guiton et al (Yellow gloves)

Question 13

Harlow Evaluation

Answer 13

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Shows attachment develops due to contact comfort
Importance of early relationships
Application - importance for animals in zoos to have attachment figure
-
Cannot generalise to humans
Ethical issues - monkeys showed depression signs

Question 14

Bowlbys monotropiv Theory Strengths

Answer 14

IWM
Bailey et al - mothers with poor attachment to their parents were likely to have the same with their children
Evidence to show cute infant behaviours intend to initiate social interaction

Question 15

Bowlbys montoropic Theory Limitations

Answer 15

Not supported by Schaffer and Emerson who say you can have multiple attachments at the same time
May be genetic makeup that determines social behaviour rather than attachments
Deterministic
- not every child has a bad future if they have a bad childhood

Question 16

Learning theory evaluation

Answer 16

- 
Schaffer and Emerson
Babies develop primary attachment to biological mother despite being fed by others
Lorenzs geese imprinted before being fed
Ignores nature

Question 17

Strange situation Evaluation Strengths

Answer 17

Predictive validity
Kukikinos , insecure resistant likely to experience bullying
Ward et al, insecure resistant likely to have mental health problems
High reliability
Interrater coefficient of 0.94

Question 18

Strange situation evaluation Limitations

Answer 18

Culture bound
Lacks validity
Other catergories

Question 19

Cultural variations evaluation

Answer 19

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Large sample
Secure attachment most common for all
-
Inconsistent findings - Grossman et al (IA was higher than secure)
No of studies different for each country
Cultural bias - Japanese children never left alone 
Imposed etic (cultural bias)
Based off American values

Question 20

44 theives study evaluation

Answer 20

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Based on real Life cases
-
Researcher bias
2 of 14 didn’t even experience deprivation
Critical period may only be sensitive
Lewis
Sample of 500, early separation not linked with criminality

Question 21

Romanian orphans study evaluation

Answer 21

+
Supports evidence of critical period (adoption before 6 months improved chances of good relationships)
Real life application - better adoption policies
Longitudinal study
-
Only assessed till 15 years old
Sample not representative

Question 22

Early attachment on childhood/adult relationship evaluation

Answer 22

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Supporting evidence - Bailey
Most mothers have same attachment as their baby
-
Correlation doesn’t mean causation
Self report 
Bias (twice as many female than male in love quiz)
Deterministic

Question 23

Reciprocity

Answer 23

Attachments develop by a reciprocal process which is two way where an emotional connection develops between an infant and their primary caretaker
E.g. Baby cries and caretaker gives them a hug

Question 24

Tronick Still face Experiment

Answer 24

Mother asked to hold a still face to her baby and not react to their behaviours
Babies tried to get mothers attention, followed by crying and high distress of babies
Demonstrates importance of reciprocity for their child’s wellbeing

Question 25

Schaffer and Emerson stages of attachment

Answer 25

60 Glasgow babies 31 male 29 female

Longitudinal study