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AMK Miscellaneous > Anaemia > Flashcards

Anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different types of microcytic anaemia?

A

Iron deficiency anaemia
Anaemia of chronic disease (can be normochromic)
Sideroblastic anaemia
Thalassaemia

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2
Q

What are the causes of iron deficiency anaemia?

A 
Excessive blood loss - GI and menstruation
Dietary inadequacy - meat and green veg
Reduced absorption
- tetracyclines and quinolones
- antacids and PPIs
- gastrectomy
-helicobacter pylori
- coeliac
- polyphenols, phytate and calcium
- vit c increases iron absorption
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3
Q

What are the causes of anaemia of chronic disease?

A

infection
inflammation
cancer

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4
Q

What are the causes of sideroblastic anaemia?

A

congenital - x linked

acquired - bone marrow disease

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5
Q

Symptoms of iron deficiency anaemia?

A 
brittle hair and nails
hair loss
koilonychia
atrophic glossitis
angular stomatitis
fatigue
pica - weird cravings
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6
Q

Symptoms of chronic disease anaemia?

A

new onset tiredness/palor/breathlessness/ tachcardia

no history of bleeding

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7
Q

What are the symptoms of sideroblastic anaemia?

A 
iron overload
signs of cytopaenia:
anaemia
infection
bruising
haemorrhage
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8
Q

What are the results of FBC for iron deficiency anaemia?

A 
microcytic hypochromic
pencil red cells
reduced reticulocytes
reduced serum iron
reduced serum ferritin
increased total iron binding capacity
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9
Q

What are the FBC results for anaemia of chronic disease ?

A 
microcytic hypochromic/normochromic
possible increase WBCs
possible increase in platelets
reduced transferrin saturation
increased serum ferritin
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10
Q

What are the results and investigations for sideroblastic anaemia?

A

FBC - microcytic

Bone marrow - ring sideroblasts and generalised increase in iron stores

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11
Q

What is the management of iron deficiency anaemia?

A

oral iron - ferrous sulphate
S/E - constipation

treat underlying cause

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12
Q

What is the management of anaemia of chronic disease?

A

treat underlying cause

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13
Q

What is the management of sideroblastic anaemia?

A

supportive

red cell transfusion

iron chelation - desferrioxamine

avoid alcohol and vitamin c

recombinant EPO and granulocyte colony-stimulant

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14
Q

How many genes are there for alpha thalassaemia and on which chromosome?

A

2

chromosome 16

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15
Q

How many genes are there for beta thalassaemia and on which chromosome?

A

1

chromosome 11

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16
Q

What is the normal genotype for the BHb molecule?

A

B2/B2

17
Q

What is the genotype and symptoms of B thalassaemia trait?

A 
-/B2
slightly anaemic
clinically asymptomatic
Hypochromic
microcytic
18
Q

What is the genotype and symptoms of B thalassaemia intermedia?

A 
-/Bo or B+/B+
anaemic
very microcytic and Hypochromic
symptomatic when Hb <7 g/dL
splenomegaly
variable bone changes
variable transfusion dependency
19
Q

What is the genotype and symptoms of B thalassaemia major?

A 
-o/-o 
HbF >90%
severe haemolytic anaemia
very microcytic and Hypochromic
hepatosplenomegaly
chronic transfusion dependency
20
Q

What is the normal genotype for the aHb molecule?

A

aa/aa

21
Q

What is the genotype and symptoms of a thalassaemia heterozygous?

A

a,-/aa
borderline Hb, MCV
hypochromic
clinically asymptomatic

22
Q

What is the genotype and symptoms of a thalassaemia homozygous?

A 
aa/a-
slightly anaemic
microcytic
hypochromic
clinically asymptomatic
23
Q

What is the genotype and symptoms of ao thalassaemia heterozygous?

A

aa/–
slightly anaemic
Hypochromic and microcytic
clinically asymptomatic

24
Q

What is the genotype and signs of HbH disease?

A 
a-/--
anaemic
very microcytic and Hypochromic
splenomegaly
variable bone changes
25
Q

What is the genotype and signs for a thalassaemia major?

A

–/–
Hb bart’s
haemolytic anaemia
fatal

26
Q

What are the causes of normocytic normochromic anaemia?

A

chronic disease
blood loss
hypothyroidism

27
Q

What are the causes of macrocytic anaemia?

A

B12/folate deficiency - vegans
cytotoxic drugs - azathioprine (kidneys and rheumatoid arthritis), cyclophosphamide (cancer and kid kidneys)
myelodypslasia (immature blood cell cancer)
haemolytic anaemias
hypothyroidism
liver disease and alcohol abuse - macrocytosis

28
Q

what are the acute S/E of blood transfusion?

A

anaphylaxis
febrile
heart failure
infection - CMV, HIV

29
Q

What are the side effects of a massive blood transfusion?

A

haemostatic failure - calcium and clotting

electrolyte disturbances - hypoccalcaemia, kyperkalaemia

30
Q

what are the S/E of multiple blood transfusion?

A

platelet sensitisation

iron overload - desferrioxamine to treat

31
Q

What is the difference between thrombocytopenia and thrombocytosis?

A

penia - not enough platelets

cytosis - too many platelets

32
Q

How do you distinguish between iron deficiency anaemia and anaemia of chronic disease (microcytic)?

A

iron - low ferritin

disease - normal or increased ferritin

AMK Miscellaneous (22 decks)

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