Anatomy and Histology of the Urinary System

Question 1

What is in the urinary system?

Answer 1

Kidneys

Ureters

Urinary bladder

Urethra

Question 2

What are the functions of the urinary system?

Answer 2

• Removes metabolic waste from blood by filtration and excretion
• Regulates blood pressure (by renin angiotensin mechanism)
• Regulates plasma concentrations of electrolytes (sodium, potassium and chloride etc.)
• Help to stabilize the PH
• Conserves valuable nutrients
• Reabsorption of small molecules (amino acids. Glucose, and peptides)
• Produces erythropoietin (a stimulant of RBC production by bone marrow)

Question 3

What is the position of the kidneys?

Answer 3

• The kidneys lie in a retroperitoneal position, at the level of T12-L3.
• Right kidney is slightly lower than the left kidney.
• They are only partially peritonised.

Question 4

What organs are anteriorly related to the kidney?

Answer 4

Right - liver, right colic flexure, duodenum

Left - Stomach, spleen, pancreas, descending colon

Question 5

What are the posterior relations of the kidney?

Answer 5

Nerves: Subcostal, biohypogastric, biolingual

Related to the 12th rib

Question 6

Label the following portions of the kidney

Answer 6

Question 7

What are the following labels?

Answer 7

Question 8

Answer 8

Pelvis is always posterior

Question 9

What are the names of the different sections of the kidney?

Answer 9

Question 10

What are the renal arteries?

Answer 10

–Segmental branches (x5)

–Interlobar

–Arcuate branches pass around the circumference

–Interlobular branches which ultimately supply each nephron.

–Essentially non-anastomosing

Question 11

What are the veins of the kidney?

Answer 11

•Renal veins (1/each side): drains into the inferior vena cava.

Question 12

Internal urethral sphincter is controled by the autonomic nervous system

Answer 12

External is urethral sphnicter is controlled by us

Question 13

What is the narrowest part of the urethra?

Answer 13

Membranous part

Question 14

What is the most dilated part of the urethra?

Answer 14

Prostatic part of the urethra

Question 15

What is the longest part of the urethra?

Answer 15

The spongy part

Question 17

What are the lymphatics and vessels of the urinary bladder?

Answer 17

•Arteries:

–Branches of the internal iliac arteries

•Veins:

–Tributaries of the internal iliac veins

•Lymphatic:

–External iliac: suprapubic part

–Internal iliac: Infrapubic part

Question 18

What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the internal sphincter?

Answer 18

Closes the internal sphincter

Nerves L1-L2

Parasympathetic nerves involved are S2,3 and 4

Question 19

Which nerve constricts the detrusor muscle during micturition?

Answer 19

Parasympathetic

Question 20

Transpyloric plane passes through which vertebral level?

Answer 20

L1

Question 21

What composes the nephron?

Answer 21

Renal corpsucles and renal tubules

Question 22

What composes the renal corpsucles?

Answer 22

Glomerulus and the bowman’s capsule

Question 23

What are the constrictions of the ureter?

Answer 23

1: When the ureter passes over the inferior renal pole
2: Ureter crosses over external iliac vessels (pelvic part)
3: Ureter traverses the bladder wall

Question 24

What is the nerve supply to the kidney?

Answer 24

•Renal plexus: sympathetic: T10-L1, Sensory afferent:T11-L2

Question 25

What does the median umbilical ligament form from?

Answer 25

Forms from the embryonic urachus

Question 26

What do the two medial umbilical folds form from?

Answer 26

Occluded umbilical artery

Question 27

What do the two lateral umbilical folds form from?

Answer 27

Inferior epigastric vessels

Question 28

What is the arrow pointing at?

Answer 28

The pouch of douglas

Question 29

What is the ganglion associated with the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system that is responsible for controlling the internal sphincter and the detrusor muscle?

Answer 29

Hypogastric ganglion

Pelvic ganglion

Sympathetic (T11-L2) controls the internal urethral sphincter

Parasympathetic (S2-S4) (motor to detrusor muscle)

Question 30

What somatic nerve controls the external urethral sphincter?

Answer 30

Pudendal nerve

Question 31

Which part of the kidney is the bowmans capsule found in?

Answer 31

Cortex

Also contains:

• Renal corpuscles
• Proximal convoluted tubules (cuboidal+ microvilli)
• Distal convoluted tubules (cuboidal)
• Collecting tubule

(cuboidal)

Question 32

What part of the kidney is the loop of henle found in?

Answer 32

The medulla

Also contains

• Proximal convoluted tubules
• Distal convoluted tubules

And the collecting tubule

Question 33

What type of epithelium exists in the ureter?

Answer 33

Transitional epithelium

Question 34

What are the features of the ureter?

Answer 34

•Star shaped lumen

Two layers of smooth muscle (inner longitudinal and outer circular)

Question 35

What are the features of the bladder?

Answer 35

Transitional epithelium

Inner longitudinal smooth muscle

Middle circular smooth muscle

Outer longitudinal smooth muscle

Question 36

What are the common pathologies associated with the urogenital system?

Answer 36

UTI

Glomerulonephritis

Kidney stone / renal calculi

Kidney failure and dialysis

Urinary incontinence (common after childbirth / old age in female)

Question 37

What are the common developmental abnormalities?

Answer 37