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A&P I > Chapter 5:The Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5:The Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

How many regions make up the skin?

A

3

  1. Epidermis
  2. Dermis
  3. Hypodermis
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2
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

outermost superficial region of skin

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3
Q

What is the dermis?

A

the middle region of the skin

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4
Q

What is the hypodermis?

A

the deepest region of the skin

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5
Q

what is another name for the hypodermis?

A

superficial fascia

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6
Q

what is superficial fascia?

A

the hypodermis

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7
Q

What is the epidermis comprised of?

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, with 4 cell types and 4 to 5 layers

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8
Q

What cell types are found int the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes
melanocytes
Merkel cells
Langerhans’ cells

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9
Q

What is the function of the epidermis?

A

it is the outer portion of the skin, is exposed to the external environment and functions in protection

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10
Q

Keratinocytes

A

– produce the fibrous protein keratin.

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11
Q

Melanocytes

A

– produce the brown pigment melanin.

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12
Q

Langerhans’ cells

A

epidermal macrophages that help activate the immune system.

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13
Q

Merkel cells

A

function as touch receptors in association with sensory nerve endings.

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14
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis?

A 
Stratum corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
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15
Q

What is the stratum basale?

A

the basal layer of the epidermis. the deepest layer, firmly attached to the dermis

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16
Q

What is the stratum basale made of?

A

a single row of the youngest keratinocytes

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17
Q

what happens in the stratum basale?

A

cells undergo rapid division, hence its alternate name, stratum germinativum

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18
Q

What is the stratum spinosum?

A

the prickly layer of the epidermis. 2nd from the bottom

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19
Q

What is the stratum spinosum made of?

A
  1. cells contain weblike system of intermediate filaments attached to desmosomes.
  2. melanin granules and Langerhans’ cells are abundant in this layer
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20
Q

What is the stratum granulosum?

A

the granular layer, 2nd from the top

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21
Q

what does the stratum granulosum look like?

A

thin; three to five cell layers in which drastic changes in keratinocyte appearance occurs

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22
Q

What accumulates in the stratum granulosum?

A

Keratohyaline and lamellated granules

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23
Q

What is the stratum lucidum?

A

a clear layer, found only in thick skin. superficial to the stratum granulosum

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24
Q

What is the stratum lucidum made of?

A

a few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes

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25
Q

What is the stratum corneum?

A

the horny layer, the outermost layer

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26
Q

What percent of the epidermis is made of the stratum corneum?

A

3/4

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27
Q

What are the functions of the stratum corneum?

A
  1. waterproofing
  2. Protection from abrasion and penetration
  3. Rendering the body relatively insensitive to biological, chemical, and physical assaults
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28
Q

What is the dermis?

A

the second major skin region containing strong, flexible connective tissue

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29
Q

What cell types are in the dermis?

A

fibroblasts, macrophages, and occasionally mast cells and white blood cells

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30
Q

What is the dermis composed of?

A

2 layers - papillary and reitcular

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31
Q

Papillary layer

A
  • -in the dermis—
    1. areolar connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers
    2. its superior surface contains peg-like projections called dermal papillae
    3. dermal papillae contain capillary loops, Meissner’s corpuscles, and free nerve endings
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32
Q

What does dermal papillae contain?

A

capillary loops
Meissner’s corpuscles
free nerve endings

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33
Q

What is the Reticular Layer?

A

a layer of the dermis
accounts for about 80% of the thickness of the skin
collagen fibers in this layer add strength and resiliency to the skin
elastin fibers provide stretch-recoil properties

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34
Q

what do collagen fibers do for the reticular layer?

A

add strength and resiliency to the skin

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35
Q

what do elastin fibers do for the reticular layer?

A

provide stretch-recoil properties

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36
Q

what is the hypodermis?

A

subcutaneous layer deep to the skin

composed of adipose and areolar connective tissue

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37
Q

what is the hypodermis composed of?

A

adipose and areolar connective tissue

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38
Q

What determines skin color?

A

3 pigments
Melanin
Carotene
Hemoglobin

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39
Q

Melanin

A

yellow to reddish-brown to black pigment, responsible for dark skin colors
- freckles and pigmented moles result from local accumulations of melanin

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40
Q

what causes freckles and pigmented moles?

A

local accumulations of melanin

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41
Q

carotene

A

yellow to orange pigment, most, most obvious in the palms and soles of the feet

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42
Q

hemoglobin - in skin

A

reddish pigment responsible for the pinkish hue of the skin

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43
Q

what do sweat glands do?

A
  1. prevent overheating of the body
  2. secrete cerumen (earwax)
  3. produce milk
44
Q

what kind of sweat glands are there?

A

Eccrine sweat glands - found in palms, soles of the foot, and forehead
Apocrine sweat glands - found in axillary and anogential areas
Ceruminous glands - modified apocrine glands in external ear canal that secrete cerumen
Mammary glands - specialized sweat glands that secrete milk

45
Q

what are sebaceous glands?

A

simple alveolar glands found all over the body

46
Q

what do sebaceous glands do?

A

soften skin when stimulated by hormones

secrete an oily secretion called sebum

47
Q

What is hair?

A

filamentous strands of dead keratinized cells produced by hair follicles

48
Q

what does hair contain?

A

hard keratin which is tougher and more durable than soft keratin of the skin

49
Q

names of parts of hair in skin and out of skin

A

the shaft projecting from the skin and the root embedded in the skin

50
Q

parts of the hair from deep to superficial

A

core (medulla)
cortex
outermost cuticle

51
Q

what determines the color of hair

A

hair is pigmented by melanocytes at the base of the hair

52
Q

What is the function of hair?

A
  1. help maintain warmth
  2. alerting the body to presence of insects on the skin
  3. guarding the scalp against physical trauma, heat loss, and sunlight
53
Q

how is hair distributed?

A

over the entire skin surface except

  1. palms, soles, and lips
  2. nipples and portions of the external genitalia
54
Q

what is the hair follicle?

A

root sheath extending from the epidermal surface into the dermis

55
Q

what does the deep end of the hair follicle form?

A

it expands to form a hair bulb

56
Q

hair bulb

A

deep end of the hair follicle. it is wrapped in a knot of sensory nerve endings (root hair plexus)

57
Q

what happens when our hair moves?

A

it stimulates the nerve endings (root hair plexus) - our hairs act as sensitive touch receptors

58
Q

Types of hair

A
  1. Vellus - pale, fine body hair found in children and the adult female
  2. Terminal - coarse, long hair of eyebrows, scalp, axillary, and pubic regions
59
Q

Types of hair thinning and baldness

A

Alopecia - hair thinning in both sexes
True, or frank, baldness
1. genetically determined and sex-influenced condition
2. male pattern baldness - caused by follicular response to DHT

60
Q

Structure of the nail

A

scalelike modification of the epidermis on the distal, dorsal surface of fingers and toes

61
Q

Functions of the integumentary system

A
  1. Protection - chemical, physical, and mechanical barrier
  2. Body temp regulation
  3. Cutaneous sensation - exoreceptors sense touch and pain
  4. Metabolic functions - vit D synthesis in dermal vessels
  5. Blood reservoir - skin blood vessels store up to 5% of the body’s blood volume
  6. Excretion - small amount of nitrogenous waste (in sweat)
62
Q

how is body temperature regulation accomplished

A
  1. dilation (cooling) and constriction (warming) of dermal vessels
  2. increasing sweat gland secretions to cool the body
63
Q

Skin Cancer - most tumors are

A

benign and do not metastisize

64
Q

what is a crucial risk factor for nonmelanoma skin cancers?

A

disabling of the P53 gene

65
Q

newly developed skin lotions can

A

fix damaged DNA (skin cancer)

66
Q

3 major types of skin cancer

A
  1. Basal cell carcinoma
  2. Squamous cell carcinoma
  3. Melanoma
67
Q

Basal cell carcinoma - seriousness and occurance

A

least malignant, most common form of skin cancer

68
Q

Basal cell carcinoma - how does it happen?

A

Stratum basale cells proliferate and invade the dermis and hypodermis

69
Q

how fast do basal cell carcinomas grow?

A

slowly, and do not often mteastisize

70
Q

how are basal cell carcinomas dealt with?

A

can be cured by surgical excision 99% of the cases

71
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma - arises from____. Where?

A

keratinocytes of stratum spinosum.

most often on scalp, ears, and lower lip

72
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma - how fast does it grow?

A

grows rapidly and metastisizes if not removed

73
Q

Prognosis for squamous cell carcinoma?

A

good if treated by radiation therapy or removed surgically

74
Q

Melanoma - seriousness?

A

most dangerous because

  1. highly metastatic
  2. resistant to chemotherapy
75
Q

Characteristics of Melanoma

A

ABCD rule
A: Asymmetry - the two sides of the pigmented area do not match
B: Border - is irregular and exhibits indentations
C: Color (pigmented area) is black, brown, tan, and sometimes red or blue
D: Diameter - is larger than 6mm (size of a pencil eraser)

76
Q

How is melanoma treated?

A

wide surgical excision accompanied by immunotherapy

77
Q

Prognosis for melanoma?

A

chance of survival is poor if the lesion is over 4mm thick

78
Q

Burns - degrees

A

1st - only the epidermis is damaged
2nd - epidermis and upper regions of dermis are damaged
3rd - entire thickness of the skin is damaged

79
Q

First degree burn symptoms

A

localized redness, swelling, pain

80
Q

Second degree burn symptoms

A

mimic first degree burns, but blisters also appear

81
Q

Third degree burn symptoms

A

Burned area appears gray-white, cherry red, or black; there is no initial edema or pain (since nerve endings are destroyed).

82
Q

Rule of Nines - what for?

A

estimates the severity of burns.
considered critical if:
- Over 25% of the body has 2nd degree burns
- over 10% of the body has 3rd degree burns
- there are 3rd degree burns on face, hands, or feet

83
Q

the epidermis develops from

A

ectoderm

84
Q

dermis and hypodermis develop from

A

mesoderm

85
Q

what is lanugo?

A

downy coat of delicate hairs covering the fetus

86
Q

what is the vernix caseosa

A

substance produced by sebaceous glands that protects the skin of the fetus in the amnion

87
Q

skin as adolescent to adult

A

skin and hair become oilier and acne may appear

88
Q

when does the skin show the effects of cumulative environmental assaults

A

around age 30

89
Q

what become more common with the skin as we age into adulthood

A

scaling and dermatitis

90
Q

what happens to our skin as we get old?

A
  1. Epidermal replacement of cells slows and skin becomes thinner.
  2. Skin becomes dry and itchy.
  3. Subcutaneous fat layer diminishes, leading to intolerance of cold.
  4. Decreased elasticity and loss of subcutaneous tissue leads to wrinkles.
  5. Decreased numbers of melanocytes and Langerhans’ cells increase the risk of skin cancer.
91
Q

What does keratin do?

A

It makes skin strong and resilient.

92
Q

Which cells are pressure sensors?

A

Merkel cells

93
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis?

A 
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
94
Q

what are the regions of the skin?

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

95
Q

Where are the newest epidermal cells?

A

deepest - stratum basale

96
Q

where are the oldest epidermal cells

A

most superficial - stratum corneum

97
Q

what layer determines skin color?

A

Stratum spinosum

98
Q

what do the cells in the stratum granulosum look like?

A

flattened and hardened

99
Q

what layer of skin is more common in men? Why?

A

Stratum lucidum - b/c their skin is thicker

100
Q

where is there blood supply, nerve endings, and hair follicles?

A

in the dermis

101
Q

What are Meissner’s corpuscles?

A

nerve endings

102
Q

which layer of the dermis is thicker?

A

the reticular layer

103
Q

how much does each foot sweat in a day?

A

1 c per foot

104
Q

What are the layers of a hair follicle - deep to superficial - cross section

A 
Medulla
Cortex
Cuticle
Internal epithelial root sheath
external epithelial root sheath
Glassy membrane
Connective tissue root sheath
105
Q

What makes up the follicle wall of a hair follicle?

A

Connective tissue root sheath
Glassy membrane
External epithelial root sheath
Internal epithelial root sheath

106
Q

What makes up the hair root?

A

cuticle
cortex
medulla

A&P I (4 decks)

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