Social Psychology Flashcards
Also known as even schemas and provide knowledge about the appropriate sequence of behaviors in specific social situations. Informs you about how you should behave in a setting and how you can expect others to behave.
Scripts
What has research indicated about gender and attributions?
a. Men tend to attribute their success to high effort or outside help
b. Women tend to attribute failure to lack of effort or unfair treatment
c. Women attribute their success to high effort or outside help
d. Men tend to attribute failure to lack of ability
c
This occurs when we overestimate the role of dispositional factors and underestimate the role of situational factors.
Fundamental attribution bias
The tendency to make different attributions about our own behaviors and the behaviors of others is referred to as this.
Actor-observer effect
The tendency to blame external factors for our failures and take credit for our successes is referred to as this.
Self-serving bias
What is one exception to the relatively universal self-serving bias?
People who are depressed attribute their failures to internal, stable, and global factors
Mental shortcuts or rules-of-thumb that people use when making attributions and other social judgements.
Heuristics
This heuristic involves basing your judgment about the likelihood that a person,, object, or event belongs to a particular category on how similar the person, object, or event is to that category while ignoring the probability data.
Representative heuristic
This heuristic involves judging the likelihood or frequency of an event based on how easy it is to retrieve information about the even from long-term memory. In other words, you’ll predict that an event is more likely to occur if you’re able to recall many examples of its occurrence than if you’re able to recall only one example.
Availability heuristic
This heuristic involves using mental simulations of an event to determine the likelihood that the event will happen. For instance, Medvec, Madey, and Gilovich found that Olympic athletes who had won the silver medal appeared to be less happy about their win than those who had won the bronze medal, apparently because it was easier for silver medalists to imagine winning the gold.
Simulation heuristic
This heuristic involves using an initial value as the basis for making a judgment or estimate. For example, if the seller of an item at a flea market tells you that he usually sells the item for $10, your offer will be closer to $10 than it would have been if the seller said he usually sells the item for $7.
Anchoring and adjustment heuristic
This is the tendency to pay attention to information that confirms one’s beliefs and ignore or invalidate information that does not.
Confirmation bias
The tendency to rely on case-specific information and ignore or underuse data when estimating the likelihood of an event or characteristic.
Base rate fallacy
The belief that two characteristics, events, or other variables are related when they actually are not.
Illusory Correlation
Occurs when we overestimate the degree to which the beliefs, opinions, and behaviors of others are similar to our own. As an example, Wolfson asked college students who did or did not use drugs to estimate drug use by their peers and found that students who used drugs provided significantly higher estimates of peer drug use.
False consensus effect
The tendency to belief that the likelihood of a particular chance event is affected by the occurrence of previous events when there is actually no relationship between the events
Gambler’s Fallacy
Schachter’s research on affiliation demonstrated that, in anxiety-arousing situations, social __________ is a more potent determinant of affiliation than relief from discomfort and that the adage “misery loves company” is more accurately states as “misery loves miserable company.”
Comparison
In terms of gender, women spend more time than men in conversation, and their friendships often depend more on communication and ___________ than on shared activities.
self-disclosure
This predicts that the decision to leave a relationship depends on tthe relationship’s costs and rewards - i.e., we’re likely to stay in a relationship when rewards exceed costs but leave when costs are greater than rewards:
a. Equity theory
b. Social exchange theory
c. Emotion-in-relationship model
d. none of the above
b
According to this, our perception of fairness in a relationship is more important than the absolute magnitude of the inputs and outcomes.
a. Equity theory
b. Social exchange theory
c. Emotion-in-relationship model
d. none of the above
a. People consider a relationship to be equitable and are more likely to stay when they believe their input/outcome ratio is proportional to the input/outcome ratio of the other person
This is the tendency for people to accept vague or general descriptions as accurate descriptions of themselves:
a. Self-schemas
b. Barnum effect
c. Overjustification hypothesis
d. Self-Verification theory
b
This theory, proposed by Daryl Bem, proposes that, when internal cues are insufficient or difficult to interpret, people acquire information about themselves by observing their external behaviors and/or the context in which those behaviors occur:
a. Social Comparison Theory
b. Self-Verification Theory
c. Psychodynamic Theory
d. Self-perception theory
d
This predicts that, when an external reward is given to a person performing an intrinsically rewarding activity, the person’s intrinsic interest in the activity decreases:
a. Self-perception theory
b. Overjustification hypothesis
c. Self-monitoring
d. Locus of control
b
According to this theory established by Festinger, people have an innate drive to evaluate their own opinions and behaviors; and, in the absence of objective standards, they do so by comparing their opinions and behaviors to those of other people
a. Self-perception theory
b. Psychodynamic theory
c. Social comparison theory
d. Self-Verification theorry
c
This theory predicts that, once a person’s self-concept is formed, the person seeks to maintain it by using cognitive and behavioral strategies that are designed to obtain information that is consistent with that self-concept:
a. Self-Perception theory
b. Social comparison theory
c. Self-Verification theory
d. Psychodynamic theory
c
As defined by Bandura, this refers to a person’s sense of competence and effectiveness. High levels of this have been associated with a number of benefits including higher levels of productivity and academic achievement, reduced vulnerability to depression and anxiety, and better response to treatment for health-related problems:
a. hardiness
b. self-efficacy
c. locus of control
d. self-esteem
b
This refers to the extent to which people believe that personal outcomes are controlled by internal versus external factors:
a. Self-efficacy
b. Locus of control
c. Self-esteem
d. Self-verification
b
Early research on conformity by Sherif (1935) made use of the ___________ effect, a perceptual phenomenon in which a stationary point of light appears to move in a darkened room.
autokinetic
This strategy for gaining compliance is a two-step process that involves first making a small request and, when that request is accepted, making a larger request.
a. door-in-the-face technique
b. foot-in-the-door technique
c. autokinetic effect
d. minority influence
b
This strategy to gain compliance involves first making a large request and, when that request is rejected, making a smaller request that is the one that is actually desired.
a. door-in-the-face technique
b. foot-in-the-door technique
c. autokinetic effect
d. minority influence
a
_____________ are more abstract than schemata and consist of knowledge about the most representative or ideal example of a particular category of people, objects, or evvents.
Prototypes
In Milgram’s controversial studies involving delivering electric shock, which of the following is true:
a. The closer the learner was to the teacher, the less likely the teacher was to obey the experimenter’s order to shock the learner
b. Teachers were less willing to deliver maximum shock when tthe experimenter gave his orders by telephone
c. Teachers were less willing to deliver maximum shock when the location of the experiment was moved from Yale University to a downtown warehouse
d. All of the above
d. Also, teachers were less likely to deliver maximum shock when an assistant teacher refused to obey the experimenter’s orders.
This theory predicts that, when an attempt at social influence causes a person to feel a loss of personal freedom, the person may respond by acting in a way that is opposite of what is desired. One study found that members of the potential audience of a censured message reacted to censorship by exhibiting a greater desire to hear the message and by changing their attitudes in the direction of the position advocated by the message:
a. Obedience to authority
b. Basis of social power
c. Autokinetic effect
d. Psychological reactance
d
According to the bases of social power, which of the following is true:
a. Reward and coercive power lead to the least superficial response (compliance)
b. Referent power is less likely to produce identification
c. Expert, legitimate, and informational power are most likely to produce internalization
d. The less varied an individual’s sources of power, the greater ability he/she has to influence others.
c. Reward and coercive power lead to the most superficial response; Referent power is most likely to produce identification; the more varied an individual’s sources of power, the greater ability he/she has to influence others.
A communicator’s _________________ has been identified as a key contributor to attitude change in the audience.
a. Trustworthiness
b. Credibility
c. Likability
d. Good looks
b. High-credible communicators are more persuasive. The difference between high-and low-credible communicators declines over time, however, as the attitude change produced by a high-credible communicator decreases and the attitude change produced by a low-credible communicator increases (sleeper effect).
Under what circumstance would an audience view the communicator as more trustworthy:
a. If they are arguing against their own best interests than if they have something to gain by being persuasive
b. The communicator looks like the majority of the audience
c. The communicator is a white male
d. None of the above
a
