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Principles of Disease > Drug Delivery Systems > Flashcards

Drug Delivery Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Name the type of drug delivery systems available

A

Oral
Injection based
Transdermal
Carrier based

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2
Q

In what forms/formulations can drugs be given to patients (7)

A 
Tablets or capsules
Solutions or suspensions
Ointments and creams
Inhalation
Injections
Suppositories
Pessaries
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3
Q

What types of tablets/capsules are there

A

Regular
Modified release
Prodrugs
Enteric coated

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4
Q

How can a drug delivery system be formulated

A

To allow selective targeting of a tissue site
To avoid pre- or systemic metabolism
To allow a 24 hour action

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5
Q

What do drug formulations allow

A

A treatment regime to be tailored to a patients needs, pharmacological characteristics and disease state

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6
Q

What determines the drug delivery system used

A

The dose of the drug to be given
The frequency of administration
The timing of administration

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7
Q

What should be considered when choosing a dosage regime (7)

A 
Find out the recommended dose (BNF/BNFc)
Is there impaired renal function
Is there impaired hepatic function
Age and weight
Disease to be treated
Drug toxicity
Give a starting dose and increase dose to achieve the desired effect
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8
Q

What are commonly used oral delivery systems (5)

A 
Solutions
Suspensions
Capsules
Tablets
Modified release tablets
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9
Q

Where is absorption through using oral delivery systems

A

GI tract

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10
Q

When are solutions and suspensions a useful form of administration

A

In the young, elderly and patients with swallowing difficulties

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11
Q

How can solutions and suspensions be given

A

Through a nasogastric tube or PEG tube

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12
Q

What is the rate of absorption for drugs administered through a nasogastric tube or PEG tube

A

Extremely rapidly

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13
Q

What is absorption dependent on

A

Gastric emptying and is most rapid from the small intestine

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14
Q

Describe suspensions

A

Dispersions of coarse drug particles in a liquid phase

The dose can be contained in a small volume

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15
Q

What are suspensions good for

A

Drugs which are insoluble unpalatable as they are better tolerated

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16
Q

What limits the rate limiting step in the absorption of tablets

A

Dissolution or tablet break down

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17
Q

What are the advantages of tablets and capsules

A 
Convenience
Accuracy of dose
Reproducibility
Drug stability
Ease of mass production
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18
Q

What does the enteric coating of tablets do

A

It delays disintegration of the tablet until it reaches the small intestine

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19
Q

Why are some tablets enteric coated

A

Protect the drug from stomach acid (e.g. Omeprazole)

Protect the stomach from the drug (e.g. Aspirin)

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20
Q

Why are prolonged release formulations useful

A

Most disorders required prolonged therapy
Maintains drug levels within a therapeutic range
Reduces the need for frequent dosing
Compliance is improved
Improved nursing and doctor compliance

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21
Q

How can the time course for a drug in the body be prolonged

A

By giving the drug in a form that has a slower but sustained rate of release
This type of preparation contains more of the active drug but releases it more slowly over a prolonged period

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22
Q

Name some oral preparations

A 
Verapamil
Diltiazem
Isosorbide mononitrate
Lithium
Carbamazepine
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23
Q

Name some parenteral perparations

A

Intramuscular injections of flupentixol or risperidone

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24
Q

Name some surgical implants

A

Progesterone contraception

Testosterone

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25
Q

What are prodrugs

A

Synthesised inactive derivatives of an active drug which requires to be metabolically activated after administration

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26
Q

What are the advantages of prodrugs

A

Prolongation of duration of action

Avoidance of degradation of the drug in the gut

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27
Q

When are buccal and sublingual administration ideal

A

For drugs which have extensive pre-systemic or first pass metabolism

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28
Q

What are sublingual tablets

A

Small and dissolve slowly under the tongue or in the buccal cavity (e.g. GTN)

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29
Q

What can be administered through the rectal route

A

Suppositories, Creams and Liquids

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30
Q

When is the rectal route useful

A

In the young or old

Patients unable to swallow

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31
Q

Why may drugs be administered rectally

A

To treat local conditions such as proctitis

To achieve systemic absorption (indomethacin)

32
Q

How is the rectal drugs administered

A

As a suppository

33
Q

What is a benefit of the rectal route

A

Bypass pre-systemic metabolism

34
Q

What can be used through the vaginal route

A

Pessaries

Creams

35
Q

What do drugs administered through the vaginal route treat

A

Local disease

36
Q

What are the benefits of injection based drug delivery systems

A

Provide fast systemic effects bypassing first-pass metabolism
Drugs can be administered in unconscious or comatose patients
Drugs having short half-life can be infused continuously

37
Q

Name the three different methods of injection based drug delivery systems

A

Intradermal (10-15 degree angle)
Subcutaneous (45 degree angle)
Intramuscular (90 degree angle)

38
Q

When are drugs given intravenously

A

When:
A rapid onset of action is required
Careful control of plasma levels is required
A drug has a short half-life

39
Q

How can IV formulations be given

A

Rapidly
Slowly to prevent toxic effects
Continuous infusion to ensure accurate control of blood levels especially when a drug has a narrow therapeutic index

40
Q

What is an intramuscular injection

A

An injection of the drug given into the muscle mass

They allow a more sustained duration of action up to months

41
Q

What type of drugs can be given intramuscularlly

A

Drugs insoluble or formulated in an oil base

42
Q

Give examples of intramuscular drugs

A

Depot injections contraceptive

Neuroleptics

43
Q

What is a disadvantage of the intramuscular injection

A

May be painful

44
Q

Describe the subcutaneous injection

A

A common route of administration

Easy to use and bypasses need for venous access

45
Q

Give examples of subcutaneous injections

A

Insulin
Heparin
Narcotic analgesics

46
Q

What is dermojet

A

It is a sub-cutaneous needleless injection used for mass inoculation

47
Q

What is a pellet implantation

A

Drug as a solid pellet is implanted under the skin to provide uniform systemic effect (e.g. testosterone)

48
Q

What us a transdermal drug delivery system

A

Adhesive patches containing the drug are applied on the skin

49
Q

How do drugs cross the skin surface in the transdermal drug delivery system

A

By diffusion by percutaneous absorption and goes into systemic circulation

50
Q

What does the transdermal drug delivery system bypass

A

First-pass hepatic inactivation

51
Q

What types of drug delivery systems have percutaneous administration

A

Creams
Ointments
Skin patches

52
Q

What is percutaneous administration

A

Drugs that can be administered to the skin to achieve a local effect (e.g. steroids) or a systemic effect (e.g. HRT or nitroglycerin)

53
Q

Describe skin patches

A

They allow the release of a drug from a reservoir into the skin and then into the systemic circulation
Using skin patches it is possible to obtain controlled, sustained blood levels of the administered drug

54
Q

Give examples of skin patches

A 
Nicotine
Nitroglycerin
Opiates
HRT
Contraception
55
Q

What is the hydrogel transdermal patch used for

A

In the treatment of burns

56
Q

What is the scoplamine (SCOP) patch used for

A

Motion sickness

57
Q

What are inhalation drugs commonly used to deliver

A

Drugs directly to the lung for local effect or to achieve a systemic effect (e.g. anaesthetics)

58
Q

How is inhalation medication administered

A

Pressurised aerosol
Breath actuated aerosol
Nebuliser
Dry powder device

59
Q

What are the advantages of inhalation

A 
Drug delivered directly to site of action
Rapid effect
Small doses used
Little systemic absorption
Reduced adverse effects
60
Q

What is a disadvantage of inhalation

A

Patient education is essential

61
Q

How can drug delivery systems be developed in the future

A

Drugs will be designed according to individual genotypes, so enhancing safety and efficacy

62
Q

Name the carriers in carrier based drug delivery systems (6)

A 
Vesicles
Micelles
Liquid crystals
Nanocapsules
Nanospheres
Multifunctional dendritic polymers
63
Q

How do monoclonal antibodies act in regards to cancer

A

Act directly when binding to a cancer specific antigen and induce immunological response to cancer cells

64
Q

How have monoclonal antibodies been modified

A

For delivery of a toxin, cytokine or other active drug

65
Q

What do pre-clinical and clinical liposomal packed drugs show

A

Reduced toxicities with enhanced efficiency

66
Q

What do altered pharmokinetics do to liposomal drug delivery

A

Drug accumulation at disease sites and reduced distribution to sensitive tissue (target delivery of drugs)

67
Q

What is nanoparticle based drug delivery

A

Drugs targeted to a precise location which would make the drug much more effective & reduce the chances of possible side-effects

68
Q

What are the benefits of nanoparticle based drug delivery

A

More specific drug targeting & delivery

Reduction in toxicity while maintaining therapeutic efficiency

69
Q

Name 3 nanocarriers

A

Nanoparticles
Nanotubule
Nanoshell

70
Q

When are carbon nanotubules used

A

Treatment of Bronchial asthma

71
Q

When are gold nanoparticles used

A

Cancer chemotherapy (free radical generation)

72
Q

What are nanoerythrosomes

A

Erythrocytes that can carry proteins, enzymes & macromolecules

73
Q

When are nanoerythrosomes used

A

Treatment of liver tumours, parasitic disease

& enzyme disease

74
Q

What is the genetic transfer system

A

When the natural virus has the genes for viral replication removed and therapeutic genes inserted
This forms a virus carrying the therapeutic gene which infects and delivers the therapeutic gene to target cells

75
Q

What could the genetic transfer system potentially be used for

A

Adenovirus

HIV

76
Q

What is a dendrimer

A

A highly branched globular biodegradable synthetic molecule

77
Q

Describe the modified buckyball

A

They deliver radioactivity to the tumour (e.g. C-60 against CA colon)
The transfer of radiation is within the ball hence it minimises strong radiation to healthy tissue

Principles of Disease (41 decks)

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