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Mammalian Physiology > Slide 1 > Flashcards

Slide 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What makes a cell specialized?

A

since the DNA of all cells are the same:

  1. control of gene expression
  2. unique cell-specific transcriptomes and proteomes
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2
Q

What are the essential factors for differentiation in cell?

A

cell-cell communication
growth factors
ECM composition
cell location in differentiating embryo

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3
Q

What are the 3 major pathways for cell differentiation in stem cell?

A
  1. endoderm
  2. mesoderm
  3. ectoderm
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4
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

gives rise to primary germ, layers of endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm

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5
Q

What do ectoderms give rise to?

A

skin cells (integument/skin), neurons (nervous system), pigment cell (lens of eyes)

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6
Q

What do mesoderms give rise to?

A 
cardiac muscle 
skeletal muscle
tubule cell of kidney 
red blood cell (circulatory system)
smooth muscle (excretory system)
(connective tissue)
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7
Q

What do endoderms give rise to?

A 
lung cell (lining of digestive and respiratory tracts)
thyroid cell
pancreatic cell
(parts of liver)
(bladder)
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8
Q

What is a tissue? What are the 4 major types?

A

similar cells specialized to perform a certain function

  1. epithelial
  2. connective tissue
  3. muscle
  4. nervous
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9
Q

Describe the histology of a mammary gland tissue.

A

-columnar secretory epithelium

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10
Q

What is the function of epithelial?

A
  1. covers and protect body surface
  2. lines body cavities
  3. movement of substances
  4. glandular activity (secretory)
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11
Q

Where is epithelial found?

A

skin, linin of respiratory tract, digestive tract, urinary, glands of body

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12
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

connect anchors, supports structure, transport, provides structural metabolic support

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13
Q

Where is connective tissue found?

A

bone, tendons, blood and fat

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14
Q

What is connective tissue made of?

A

polysaccharide matric, secreted and organized by cells in ECM (fibroblasts)

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15
Q

How can general connective tissues be organized?

A

loose or dense depending on the arrangement of fibres

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16
Q

What is common to all connective tissue except for blood?

A

They secrete ECM molecules like collagen to give support and form to structures

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17
Q

What are specialized forms of ECM?

A

tendons and cartilage

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18
Q

What are the functions of the muscle?

A

contract and generate force

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19
Q

What is the function of a nervous tissue?

A

initiate and transmit electrical impulse

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20
Q

Where is nervous tissue found?

A

brain, spinal cord and nerves

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21
Q

What is an organ?

A

made of different kinds of tissue to perform a special function

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22
Q

What tissues make up the stomach?

A 
smooth muscle
epithelium
connective tissue
loose connective tissue
nervous tissue
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23
Q

How can death occur considering homeostasis?

A

can no longer be maintained.

disease is when it is disrupted.

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24
Q

What happened when there is low glucose? How can the body maintain homeostasis?

A

body slows glucose uptake and keep more in bloodstream, more glucose released by liver

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25
Q

What do negative feedback control systems do?

A
  • inhibitory
  • reset physiological variables
  • maintain homeostasis
  • more commone than positive feedback
26
Q

What are positive feedback control systems?

A
  • stimulatory
  • amplify or reinforce change
  • tends to produce destabilizing effects that disrupt homeostasis
  • can bring to swift completion
    eg. uterine contractions to deliver baby or action potential/depolarization
27
Q

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic control?

A

intrinsic: autoregulation
within tissues or organs
can involve chemical signals

extrinsic: regulation from organ to organ
- can involve nerve signals or endocrine signals (hormone)

28
Q

What are the 3 levels of control? and differentiate them.

A

extrinsic: an organ acting on another (nerve, endocrine)
intracellular: cell effect on itself
intrinsic: a cell acting on another cell

29
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

cells that secrete matrix proteins

30
Q

What is ground substance?

A

matrix of loose connective tissue

31
Q

What are the different types of connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts
-loose: more ground than fibres, gel
skin, organs under epithelia

-dense/irregular: more fibres than ground
muscle and nerve sheaths

-dense, regular: more fibres than ground

brown fat and white fat
-adipose: very little

Blood cells
-blood: acqueous

Chondroblasts
-cartilage: firm but flexible, hyaluronic acid

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
-bone: rigid due to calcium

32
Q

Where are dense connective tissues found?

A

tendons and ligament

33
Q

What are tendons?

A

attach muscle to bone

34
Q

What are ligaments?

A

attach bone to bone

35
Q

What are collagen fibres like in tendons?

A

densely backed in parallel bundles

36
Q

What are the two types of adipose connective tissue?

A 
white (single lipid droplet)
and brown (multiple lipid droplets)

Lipid droplets displace cytosol in adipose cells

37
Q

What is the blood connective tissue made of?

A

blood: plasma matrix and free blood cells

38
Q

Describe the two types of supporting connective tissues.

A

cartilage: light/flexible, trachea and ears
bone: calcified, rigid

39
Q

Describe the physiology of the three different types of muscles.

A

Cardiac:

  • striated
  • intercalated disk
  • nucleus

Skeletal:

  • striated
  • tappered
  • multinucleus

Smooth:

  • not striated
  • single nucleus
40
Q

Which tissue has an extensive amount of matrix?

A

connective

41
Q

Which tissue has no blood supply and which other has no DIRECT blood supply?

A
  1. connective

2. epithelial

42
Q

Which tissue has microvilli, cilia?

A

epithelial

43
Q

What is the cell arrangement of epithelial?

A

variable layers, cells are either flattened, cuboidal or columnar

44
Q

How do cells get a function?

A

differentiation which is achieved via control of gene expression

45
Q

What does totipotent cell mean?

A

not yet differentiated

46
Q

What are adult stem cells called?

A

pluripotent cells

found in the bone marrow!

47
Q

Why stem cells important to medical therapies?

A
  1. undifferenciated cells gives rise to any cell type2. highly proliferative: self renewing in large quantitiesd to rapir tissue damage
48
Q

How can we get stem cells? (tissues that are a perfect match to diseased individual)

A
  1. cloning: harvest somatic cell, mature blastocyst, treat in vivo with chemical cocktail and diferntiate into appropriate cell type and transplant back
    danger: like cancer
  2. adult bone marrow, testis stem cells but cannot make all cell/tissue types
    - forced pluripotent stem cells created by 4 TF (Oct3/4, SOX2, c-Myc and KIf4)
  3. virus to deliver 4 genes into fibroblast cells from adult mice
49
Q

What are the 4 major structures of a cell?

A

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus and organelles

50
Q

Distinguish a plasma membrane from an organelle membrane.

A

Plasma: encloses cell
organelle: sacs and canals made of same material as plasma membrane enclosing organelles like ER, Golgi etc.

membrane structure is made of lipid bilayer of PL molecules, hydrophobic so water soluble/water do not pass easily

51
Q

What are the functions of membranes physiologically?

A
  1. control transport in and ut
  2. selectivity, receptivity and signalling (surface glycoproteins-immune system)
  3. anchor cytoskeleton or ECM for movement/structure
  4. cell signalling provides site for binding/catalysis
52
Q

What are the 2 types of surface glycoproteins? How does the immune system take action/identify each type?

A

self markers MHC: on surface human cells unique to the individual (this cell is “self” to immune system)

self tolerance: ability of immune system to not attack our normal cells yet attack foreign cells

non-self markers: molecules on surface of foreign or abnormal cells/particles acts as flags for immune system as “non-self”

53
Q

How is specificity given to a membrane protein (channel)?

A

shape of the molecule (can open or close_

54
Q

What happens to the protein channels regulation of osmolarity during dehydration or increased salt consumption?

A
  • release ADH
  • ADH acts on distal tubule of kidney to increase water permeability
  • inserts aquaporins channels into cell membranes
  • water moves out of distal convoluted tubules of kidney by osmosis through ion channels thereby decreases osmolarity
  • overall effect is increased water reabsorption by kidney and decrease urine flow
55
Q

What are activities of an integral membrane protein?

A

bind to other integral membrane proteins to form cell cell conections, bind to ECM to give structure to tissues

56
Q

What are integrins an examples of?

A

structural adhesion protein

  • join cell to cell or cell to ECM
  • heterodimer of alpha and beta subunits
  • integral protein
  • wound healing, embryo attachment..
57
Q

How is pregnancy establishment proceed?

A

integrin alpha 6 is involved in the embryo attachment to the uterus (not alpha V beta 3)

58
Q

Cytosol vs. cytoplasm?

A

cytoplasm: gel with organelles suspended in cytosol
cytosol: intracell fluid water

59
Q

What are the two major groups of organells?

A

membranous: specialized sacs or canals made of the cell membrane (Golgi, ER, plasma membrane, lysosome, proteasome)

non membranous: microscopic filaments and other materials (cytoskeleton, ribosome, cilia, flagella, nucleolus)

60
Q

What is the structure of the ER?

A

present throughout the cytoplasm, extends rom the nucleus to the membrane

circulates protein transport form nucleus to cytoplasm to cell surface

61
Q

What are the 2 types of ER?

A

smooth: no ribosome, synthesize lipid and carbohydrate, makes membrane, removes Ca+ stores– muscle contraction and hormone production
rough: ribosomes on surface, synthesize proteins, intracellular transportation (to Golgi)

synthesized protein and movement through canals of the ER= fold and assemble into macmolecular groups

62
Q

What kind of protein does the ER synthesize?

A

for cell export or cell membrane

Mammalian Physiology (17 decks)

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