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Pathopharmacology 2 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Involuntary urination by a child older than the age of 4. Caused by developmental delay, sleep pattern, etc

A

Enuresis

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2
Q

Increased inthrall abdominal pressure forces urine through sphincter (coughing, laughing, lifting, multiple pregnancies). More common in women.

A

Stress Incontinence

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3
Q

Elevated serum urea (BUN) and serum creatinine leaves are caused by what?

A

decreased GFR due to increased concentration (may lead to metabolic acidosis)

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4
Q

This indicated decreased erythropoietin secretion and/or bone marrow depression

A

Anemia

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5
Q

Normal specific gravity value

A

1.010-1.050

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6
Q

leakage of albumin or mixed plasma into filtrate. Occurs when glomerulus is inflamed (glomerulonephritis)

A

Proteinuria and albuminuria (Increased protein)

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7
Q

Normal BUN value

A

10-20

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8
Q

UTI in older men is caused by?

A

Prostatic hypertrophy and prostatitis, urine retention.

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9
Q

What does prerenal issues in acute kidney injury do to the GFR?

A

GFR decreases because of the decrease in filtration pressure.

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10
Q

Most common cause of intrarenal failure

A

Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

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11
Q

Cause of post renal failure

A

Urinary tract obstructions that affect the kidneys bilaterally- BPH, calculi, and tumors

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12
Q

Urolithiasis (Calculi) is due to???(4)

A

pH
high sodium intake
low fluid intake
infection

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13
Q

Type of pain associated with Urolithiasis

A

Renal Colic- caused by obstruction of the ureter.

  • Intense flank pain until stone is passes
  • cool moist skin, rapid pulse, nausea
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14
Q

If the cause of hydronephrosis is not removed, what is the complication?

A

chronic renal failure from ischemia and necrosis in the compressed area.

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15
Q

An inflammatory response in the glomeruli, likely post strep infection. If severe- decreased GFR and urine becomes dark and cloudy due to blood and protein leakage.

A

Glomerulonephritis

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16
Q

A decreased GRF could cause

A

metabolic acidosis

17
Q

This inflammatory disorder is similar to glomerulonephritis, is characterized by an abnormality in glomerular capillaries (increased permeability due to large amounts of plasma proteins escaping into filtrate)

A

Nephrotic Syndrome

18
Q

Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by hypoalbuminemia (edema) which can cause what?

A
  • decreased blood volume (increases aldosterone)

- BP may remain normal or may be low due to fluid shifting out of capsular spaces

19
Q

Prediposing factors to renal cell carcinoma

A

men

smoking

20
Q

In this type of cancer, chemotherapy is not used because the tumor is radioresistant

A

Renal cell carcinoma

21
Q

Early signs of bladder cancer (3)

A

Microscopic hematuria
dysuria
infection

22
Q

Predisposing factors to bladder cancer

A

working with chemicals
smoking
recurrent infections
narcotics

23
Q

Outcomes of adult polycystic kidney

A
  • gradual enlargement of kidneys
  • compression and destruction of kidney tissue
  • chronic renal failure
24
Q

Blood tests will reveal what to determine acute renal failure

A
  • elevated serum urea nitrogen and creatinine levels
  • very low GRF
  • metabolic acidosis
  • hyperkalemia
25
Q

Systemic disorders that may result in chronic renal failure

A

diabetes

hypertension

26
Q

Overall, what does chronic renal failure cause?

A

fluid congestion and ischemia

27
Q

Renal insufficiency stage is characterized by?

A
  • moderately decreased GFR (retention of fluid)
  • temporary increase in output due to loss of tubular functioning
  • decreased erythropoiesis
  • hypertension
28
Q

Three A’s of end-stage renal failure

A

Azotemia, Anemia, and Acidosis

29
Q

End stage renal failure is characterized by

A
  • Three A’s
  • Very low GFR
  • marked oliguria
  • anuria
30
Q

Bone marrow depression and impaired cell function due to increased waste, limited protein intake and low erythropoietin are early signs of what?

A

Complete renal failure

31
Q

Complete renal failure is characterized by

A
  • uremic frost on skin
  • peripheral neuropathy
  • CHF & dysrhythmias from potassium imbalance
  • systemic infections
32
Q

The type of dialysis that requires a functioning vascular system (no diabetes or HTN)

A

Peritoneal Dialysis

33
Q

Dialysis that is 3-4x per week lasting 3-4 hours.

A

Hemodialysis

34
Q

Dialysis that is multiple times during the day, is more effective and less wear on the patient.

A

Perioneal Dialysis

35
Q

Major complication of peritoneal dialysis

A

Infection (peritonitis) & is hard to treat

Pathopharmacology 2 (5 decks)

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