2.6.2 Developmental Psychology & Kohlberg

Question 1

what does development refer to?

Answer 1

change in our skills and abilities overtime

Question 2

what studies do psychologists use to look at development overtime?

Answer 2

longitudinal (time consuming but detailed)

cross-sectional (quick, individual differences)

Question 3

what was Kohlberg’s aim?

Answer 3

to study how a child’s sense of right and wrong changes as they get older

Question 4

why is Kohlberg’s research considered to be cognitive?

Answer 4

focuses on the way we think about situations in terms of right and wrong and how this changes

Question 5

(methodology) what research method did Kohlberg use?

Answer 5

longitudinal cross cultural study (12 years)

in which he used interviews

Question 6

(methodology) who were Kohlberg’s particpants?

Answer 6

Boys

age 10-16, 22-28

Question 7

(methodology)where were Kohlberg’s participants from?

Answer 7

75 from America

some from Britain, Canada, Taiwan, Turkey and Mexico

Question 8

(procedure) what did Kohlberg create?

Answer 8

9 hypothetical moral dilemma scenarios

Question 9

(procedure) how many of the scenarios were presented to each participant?

Answer 9

3

Question 10

(procedure) once the participant had read the dilemma what were they asked to do?

Answer 10

discuss the dilemma prompted by a set of open questions

Question 11

(procedure) give an example of a moral dilemma:

Answer 11

expensive cancer drug and dying wife

boy saving money for camping his father asked for it for a fishing trip

Question 12

(procedure) give some examples of the questions used in the father-son money saving dilemma:

Answer 12

should he give the money to his father?
what should be the most important thing in their relationship?
does the father have the authority to ask for the money?

Question 13

(procedure) what moral aspects did the dilemmas involve?

Answer 13

ethics
punishment
liberty
truth

Question 14

(procedure) what were the boys answers and reasonings used to do?

Answer 14

analyse and identify common themes

Question 15

(procedure) analysing qualitative data for themes makes the research what?

Answer 15

a content analysis

Question 16

(procedure) when did Kohlberg meet up with the boys?

Answer 16

every 3 years

Question 17

(findings) what were the 6 universal stages Kohlberg proposed?

Answer 17

punishment and obedience
personal usefulness
conforming to will of group
law and order
social contact
personal conscience

Question 18

(findings) in the punishment and obedience stage how do people behave? (1)

Answer 18

in a way that avoids punishment

Question 19

(findings) in the personal usefulness stage how is right and wrong determined? (2)

Answer 19

by what is rewarded

Question 20

(findings) in the conforming to the will of the group stage how do people behave? (3)

Answer 20

in a way that brings approval

Question 21

(findings) in the law and order stage behaviour is based on what? (4)

Answer 21

following social rules

Question 22

(findings) in the social contract stage people recognise what? (5)

Answer 22

laws can be changed and some values are more important than laws

Question 23

(findings) in the personal conscience stage moral judgement is based on what? (6)

Answer 23

universal human rights

Question 24

(cross cultural findings) American boys aged 10-13 tended to give what stage responses?

Answer 24

2-3

Question 25

(cross cultural findings) American boys aged 13-16 tended to give what stage responses?

Answer 25

4

Question 26

(cross cultural findings) American boys aged 16 gave what stage responses?

Answer 26

5, rarely 6

Question 27

(cross cultural findings) Taiwan and Mexico showed similar results except development was what?

Answer 27

slower

Question 28

(cross cultural findings) boys in rural areas e.g. isolated villages in Turkey showed what?

Answer 28

slower development through stages

Question 29

(cross cultural findings) across all cultures children from which class were seen as more morally advanced?

Answer 29

middle class

Question 30

(cross cultural findings) what was found amongst religion?

Answer 30

no important differences in moral development

Question 31

(conclusions) Kohlberg said moral development occurs in a series of what?

Answer 31

stages

Question 32

(conclusions) a person can only pass through a stage what?

Answer 32

one at a time

Question 33

(conclusions) as age increases so does what?

Answer 33

moral development

Question 34

(conclusions) not everyone will reach where?

Answer 34

stage 6

Question 35

(conclusions) each stage is more what than the one before?

Answer 35

mature

sophisticated

Question 36

(conclusions) moral development is what u?

Answer 36

universal

Question 37

(conclusions) what should be taught in schools?

Answer 37

moral development classes to reach a more moral way of thinking