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CDR Exam > I N: Metabolism of PRO & FAT > Flashcards

I N: Metabolism of PRO & FAT Flashcards

0
Q

what are the branched chain amino acids?

A

valine, leucine, isoleucine

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1
Q

___ is needed for the transport of amino acids

A

pyridoxine

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2
Q

during exercise, oxidation of what AAs increase?

A

alanine and leucine

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3
Q

_______ can be synthesized from phenylalanine; ________ from methionine

A

phenylalanine –> tyrosine

methionine –> cysteine

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4
Q

what does nitrogen balance measure?

A

body equilibrium - compares intake to output

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5
Q

N balance: 0 balance

A

maintenance, nitrogen equilibrium

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6
Q

N balance: + balance

A

NET GAIN of protein = infant, teenager, pregnancy, healing

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7
Q

N balance: negative balance

A

erosion of body protein; inadequate intake

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8
Q

Nitrogen balance formula***

A

(protein intake in grams / 6.25) - (urinary urea nitrogen + 4)

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9
Q

methods to determine protein quality

A

1) biological value (BV)
2) net protein utilization (NPU)
3) PDCAAS (protein digestibility corrected amino acid score)

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10
Q

what is biological value?

A

uses N BALANCE to determine FRACTION OF ABSORBED NITROGEN

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11
Q

eggs have a BV of?

A

100% = all the nitrogen absorbed is retained

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12
Q

what is net protein utilization?

A

measures the amount of protein ACTUALLY USED

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13
Q

what is PDCAAS?

A

(protein digestibility corrected amino acid score)

estimates % of protein in each food category that is ACTUALLY DIGESTED

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14
Q

plant vs. animal proteins

A

protein from animal products is generally better used and digested than that from plants

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15
Q

anabolism of DNA

A

DNA forms RNA on ribosomes, which forms the template which carries the plan to the cytoplasm

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16
Q

catabolism of proteins: what AA is involved?**

A

pyridoxine

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17
Q

first step of catabolism in proteins?***

A

deamination- splitting off of NH2 by hydrolysis in liver

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18
Q

after deamination of proteins, what happens?**

A

1) NH2 –> NH3/ammonia, toxic

2) keto acid –> oxidized for energy

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19
Q

what happens to the NH3/ammonia?**

A

1) UREA –> EXCRETED BY KIDNEYS = WASTE
2) purine –> uric acid
3) transamination to make NEW AA (non-essential ones)

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20
Q

what is deamination?

A

splitting off of NH2 by hydrolysis in liver

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21
Q

what is transamination?

A

transfer of amino group to a keto acid to form a new AA

22
Q

hormones involved in protein anabolism

A

pituitary growth hormone, thyroid, insulin, testosterone

23
Q

hormones involved in protein catabolism

A

adrenal steroids (glucocorticoids = protein –> glucose) stimulate gluconeogenesis (creation of glucose from non-CHO sources)

24
Q

end products of fat digestion are?

A

monoglycerides, diglycerides, glycerol, fatty acids

25
Q

what fat products from digestion are directly absorbed into the portal blood?

A

1) glycerol
2) SCFA (<12 Cs)
3) some phospholipids

26
Q

monoglycerides, diglycerides, LCFA combine with bile salts to form what?

A

micelles

27
Q

micelles bind to protein to form ________?

A

LIPOPROTEINS (chylomicron), which penetrate intestinal mucosa, travel through lymph, into the thoracic duct into the blood

28
Q

how is cholesterol absorbed?

A

some w/ bile salts; MOST with CHOLESTEROL ESTERASE

29
Q

how is cholesterol excreted?***

A

by LIVER as BILE

30
Q

what is lipogenesis? 2 forms?

A

synthesis or deposition of fat; can be via adipose tissue or the liver

31
Q

adipose tissue lipogenesis- what occurs?

A

most ACTIVE site: FA + glycerol –> TGs (needs NADPH)

32
Q

liver lipogenesis- what occurs?

A

liver synthesizes fat, but should NOT store it

33
Q

how can fat accumulation be prevented in the liver?

A

lipotropic factors (choline) produce lipoproteins which transfer FA out of the liver

34
Q

what is lipolysis?

A

oxidation of fats –> forms acetyl coA which enters Krebs cycle to be broken further into ENERGY

35
Q

hormones for lipogenesis

A

insulin (anabolic)

36
Q

hormones for lipolysis: insulin antagonists

A

growth hormone, glucagon

37
Q

glucocorticoids, thyroxine, epinephrine, and ACTH are all hormones that do what?

A

increase rate of fat mobilization

38
Q

normal fat metabolism requires what for complete fat oxidation?***

A

CARBOHYDRATES

39
Q

what occurs in abnormal fat metabolism?***

A

INADEQUATE CHO = incomplete fat oxidation & BUILDUP OF KETONES –> buildup of acetyl coA as there is NO OAA to combine with it

40
Q

active transport is used to transport what nutrients?**

A

MOST NUTRIENTS (glucose, AA, Na, K, Mg, Ca, FE)

41
Q

what is an example of active transport?***

A

sodium pump

42
Q

what does a sodium pump do?***

A

form of active transport: uphill pumping from LOWER TO HIGH concentration across a membrane AGAINST AN ENERGY GRADIENT (need ATP)

43
Q

what is simple diffusion? what is transported via it?

A

higher to lower concentration, intestine to blood to lymph; some water and electrolytes

44
Q

what is carrier-facilitated passive diffusion? what is transported via it?***

A

HIGHER TO LOWER CONCENTRATION; WATER-SOLUBLE NUTRIENTS

45
Q

factors that aid in vitamin A, D, E/K absorption

A
  • A = bile salts, pancreatic lipase, fat
  • D = bile salts, acidity of chyme, accompanies Ca and P absorption
  • E, K = bile salts, fat
46
Q

factors that aid in thiamin absorption

A

acid

47
Q

factors that aid in riboflavin absorption

A

phosphorous

48
Q

factors that aid in B12 absorption

A

ileum, stomach secretions (HCl, IF)

49
Q

factors that aid in calcium absorption

A

acid, vitamin D, lactose

50
Q

factors that aid in iron absorption**

A

HCl, calcium (binds oxalates)

51
Q

central regulation of food intake is via what gland?***

A

hypothalamus gland

52
Q

what are glucoreceptors?***

A

thought to regulate desire to eat

53
Q

other functions of hypothalamus gland

A
  • satiety and feeding center

- regulates body temperature

CDR Exam (34 decks)

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