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biology > 3) infection and response > Flashcards

3) infection and response Flashcards

1
Q

communicable diseases

A

they are diseases that can spread

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2
Q

what causes communicable diseases

A

pathogens which are microorganisms that enter our body can cause disease

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3
Q

what can be affected by pathogens

A

plants and animals

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4
Q

the 4 main type of pathogens

A
  • bacteria
  • viruses
  • protists
  • fungi
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5
Q

how can pathogens be spread

A

water- by drinking or bathing in dirty water

air- pathogens can be carried in the air and can be breathed in. when you sneeze or cough; droplets can be spread in the air

direct contact- by touching infected surfaces

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6
Q

what are vectors

A

they are organisms that spread diseases such as mosquitoes

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7
Q

how can the spread of disease be prevented

A

vaccination
staying away from infected people
destroying vectors
being hygenic

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8
Q

bacteria

A

reproduce rapidly
make you ill by producing toxins
toxins damage your cells and tissues

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9
Q

two types of bacterial diseases

A

salmonella and gonorrhoea

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10
Q

salmonella

A
  • causes food poisoning
  • can suffer from: fever, stomach cramps, vomiting and —-diarrhoea
  • symptoms caused by toxins
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11
Q

gonorrhoea

A

-sexually transmitted disease
passed my sexual contact
-can suffer from:pain when they urinate,
-symptoms such as: a green or yellow discharge from the vagina or penis
-

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12
Q

viral diseases

A
  • viruses reproduce rapidly
  • live inside cells
  • make lots of copies of themselves inside cells
  • the cell would then burst, releasing all the new viruses
  • this cell damage makes you ill
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13
Q

viral disease:

measles

A

spread by droplets from an infected persons sneeze
develop a red skin rash
show signs of fever
people can die if it goes complicated
people are vaccinated against measles when young

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14
Q

viral disease:

HIV

A

spread by sexual contact or by exchanging bodily fluids

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15
Q

malaria

A

disease caused by a protist

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16
Q

how big are viruses

A

they are smaller than bacteria and have a regular shape

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17
Q

what do bacteria look like

A

they are single-celled

they are much smaller than animal and plant cells

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18
Q

what is the name of the process when bacteria split into 2

A

binary fission

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19
Q

what happens in binary fission

A

bacteria may produce toxins that affect your body (poisons) and make you ill

sometimes they damage cells

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20
Q

what do viruses do

A

they take over the cells of our body

they live and reproduce inside cells, damaging and destroying them

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21
Q

what are common disease symptoms (communicable diseases)

A

high temperature
headaches
rashes

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22
Q

hhttps://www.brainscape.com/decks/5858942/cards/quick_new_cardow are pathogens spread

A

direct contact
by air- coughing or sneezing
by water-dirty water

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23
Q

what are communicable diseases caused by

A

pathogens

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24
Q

bacteria and viruses can both what

A

reproduce rapidly

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25
Q

how can being hygienic improve health

A

getting rid of germs as some people might cough or sneeze in their hands

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26
Q

how can isolating infected individuals improve health

A

as you wont come in contact with that person there is a very low chance of you catching the disease as pathogens will be stopped from spreading

27
Q

how can destroying vectors improve health

A

you will kill animals that carry disease such as mosquitos so there will be a low chance of catching malaria

28
Q

What is a monoclonal antibody

A

MABs are a type ofbiological therapy. Monoclonal just means all one type. So each MAB is a lot of copies of one type of antibody. MABs are made in a laboratory.

29
Q

how to monoclonal antibodies work

A

Monoclonal antibodies recognise and attach to specific proteins produced by cells.

30
Q

Viruses are classified as PARASITES. This is because they…

A

all require a HOST (which they harm) to survive and reproduce

31
Q

How do the white blood cells known as LYMPHOCYTES respond to pathogens?

A

They physically ‘capture’ and INGEST (‘eat’) the foreign cell

32
Q

ANTIBIOTICS do not work on VIRAL diseases. Which key difference between FUNGI and BACTERIA explains this?

A

Viruses do not have a cell wall

33
Q

How is the structure of CILIATED cells suited to their function in the respiratory tract?

A

Their CILIA allow them to FILTER and MOISTEN incoming AIR

34
Q

Plasmodium is a …

A

Parasite

35
Q

Viruses are classified as PARASITES. This is because they…

A

all require a HOST (which they harm) to survive and reproduce

36
Q

How do the white blood cells known as LYMPHOCYTES respond to pathogens?

A

They physically ‘capture’ and INGEST (‘eat’) the foreign cell

37
Q

ANTIBIOTICS do not work on VIRAL diseases. Which key difference between FUNGI and BACTERIA explains this?

A

Viruses do not have a cell wall

38
Q

How is the structure of CILIATED cells suited to their function in the respiratory tract?

A

Their CILIA allow them to FILTER and MOISTEN incoming AIR

39
Q

Plasmodium is a …

A

Parasite

40
Q

Viruses are classified as PARASITES. This is because they…

A

all require a HOST (which they harm) to survive and reproduce

41
Q

How do the white blood cells known as LYMPHOCYTES respond to pathogens?

A

They physically ‘capture’ and INGEST (‘eat’) the foreign cell

42
Q

ANTIBIOTICS do not work on VIRAL diseases. Which key difference between FUNGI and BACTERIA explains this?

A

Viruses do not have a cell wall

43
Q

How is the structure of CILIATED cells suited to their function in the respiratory tract?

A

Their CILIA allow them to FILTER and MOISTEN incoming AIR

44
Q

Plasmodium is a …

A

Parasite

45
Q

MONOCLONAL antibodies can be used for DIAGNOSIS such as in PREGNANCY testing because…

A

they attach to SPECIFIC antigens that are only produced AFTER pregnancy

46
Q

Cholera is a disease which causes watery diarrhoea. It is caused by a…

A

bacteria

47
Q

Why is the SKIN a useful physical barrier against pathogens?

A

Its dry, dead outer cells are difficult for microbes to penetrate

48
Q

BACTERIAL cells…

A

produce toxins

49
Q

how are MICROBES are prevented from entering the body?

A

sticky MUCUS secretions in the lungs and airways ‘catch’ microbes and irritants

50
Q

If a tree is showing LEAF LOSS and BARK LESIONS, what is it most likely to be a victim of?

A

chalara dieback

51
Q

BACTERIAL diseases can be treated with ANTIBIOTICS, how do these work?

A

they stop bacteria from reproducing

52
Q

Vaccination of a high percentage of the population helps to…

A

REDUCE the risk of EPIDEMICS by promoting HERD IMMUNITY

53
Q

an example of a fungal disease is …

A

athlete’e foot

54
Q

Drugs are tested using BLIND TRIALS, which means…

A

ONLY the RESEARCHERS know what medication/vaccine the participants are taking (the patients don’t know)

55
Q

New drugs are tested for EFFICACY,TOXICITY,SAFETY and…

A

dosage

56
Q

Painkillers work by…

A

blocking nerve impulses from the painful part of the body

57
Q

Which term best describes IMMUNITY?

A

RESISTANCE to infection

58
Q

MONOCLONAL antibodies are produced from a single CLONE of cells by…

A

STIMULATING mouse lymphocytes to make a PARTICULAR antibody

59
Q

Which of the following terms BEST describes antibiotics?

A

Substances that KILL and PREVENT growth of bacteria

60
Q

Malaria is a disease transmitted by mosquitoes. It is caused by a…

A

protozoa

61
Q

What is the MOST EFFECTIVE way in reducing the transmission of MALARIA in sub- saharan regions?

A

Increased use of INSECTICIDE treated mosquito nets

62
Q

Fungus’ cell walls are made from…

A

chitin

63
Q

ASPIRIN originates from…

A

willow

64
Q

Why are monoclonal antibodies NOT as popular as we thought?

A

They create more SIDE EFFECTS than expected and are not as WIDELY USED as everyone hoped

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