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Drugs, Brain and Behaviour > Synaptic Transmission > Flashcards

Synaptic Transmission Flashcards

1
Q

How can neuronal morphology be mapped?

A

using a golgi stain

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2
Q

What is an electrical synapse?

A

a synapse with no gap between the pre and post-synaptic terminals, action potential travels directly

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3
Q

What is a chemical synapse?

A

action potential travels by neurotransmitters being released from a presynaptic terminal and acting on postsynaptic receptors

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4
Q

What is an axodendritic synapse?

A

an axon connecting to a dendrite (most common)

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5
Q

What is an axosomatic synapse?

A

an axon connecting to a soma

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6
Q

What is an axoaxonic synapse?

A

an axon connecting to another axon

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7
Q

What are classical neurotransmitters?

A

amino acids; glutamate, GABA, glycine
monoamines; DA, NE, 5-HT
acetylcholine

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8
Q

What are non-classical neurotransmitters?

A

neuropeptides
gases
lipids

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9
Q

How are classical neurotransmitters synthesised?

A

dietary precursors cross the BBB where enzymes in the axon terminals synthesise them into neurotransmitters and pack them into vesicles

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10
Q

How are non-classical neurotransmitters synthesised?

A

neuropeptide transmitters are synthesised in the cell body

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11
Q

What are the 3 R’s of neurotransmitter storage?

A

readily releasable pool; docked to cell membrane, rapid release, rapid depletion
recycling pool; mobilised by moderate stimulation, fairly rapid release
reserve pool; mobilised by intense stimulation, slow release

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12
Q

What factors determine neurotransmitter release?

A

rate of cell firing
probability of neurotransmitter release
presence of auto receptors on axon terminals

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13
Q

What are the functions of auto receptors?

A

terminal; inhibit further neurotransmitter release

somatodendritic; slow the rate of cell firing

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14
Q

What happens during receptor binding?

A

NT rapidly diffuse across narrow synaptic cleft
binding to any receptors in the vicinity
often significant spillover into nearby synapses

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15
Q

What mechanisms are used during inactivation?

A

reuptake

enzyme degradation

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16
Q

What is reuptake?

A

reuptake transporters suck NT back into the presynaptic terminal

17
Q

What is enzyme degradation?

A

processes such as metabolism excretion and cycling rapidly degrade the NT’s

18
Q

What percent of action potentials trigger NT release?

A

10-20%

19
Q

What is signal transduction?

A

transmitters bind to a receptor changing the conformation and elicit intracellular changes

20
Q

What is an ionotropic receptor?

A

a ligand-gated channel that opens to allow the flow of ions; receptor conformation is changed

21
Q

What are the effects of an ionotropic receptor?

A

fast and rapidly reversible

22
Q

What are the types of ionotropic receptor?

A

NDMA
AMPA
Kainate

23
Q

What are the features of NMDA receptors?

A

found on dendritic spines
slower neurotransmission
a magnesium block is removed when there is a high firing rate

24
Q

What are the features of AMPA receptors?

A

found on dendritic spines

most fast excitatory responses to glutamate are mediated by AMPA

25
Q

What are metabotropic receptors?

A

g-protein-coupled receptors
single proteins with 7 transmembrane domains
indirectly influence cellular activity through a cascade of events
slower signalling than ionotropic

26
Q

By what mechanisms can g-proteins signal?

A

direct coupling to an ion channel which inhibits/stimulates the channel
coupling to a second messenger (effector enzyme) system

27
Q

How do second messenger systems work?

A

second messengers activate protein kinases which activate other second messenger systems by phosphorylation

28
Q

What is a colour metric reaction?

A

antibodies can detect antigens, secondary antibodies can detect primary antibodies and produces a colour close to the initial protein

29
Q

What is a fluorescence reaction?

A

antibodies can be used to detect an antigen (proteins), secondary antibodies detect the primary antibody which have fluorophores which glow when light is shined on them

30
Q

What are gene regulatory pathways?

A

second messengers can alter gene transcription or regulation by activating transcription factors

Drugs, Brain and Behaviour (6 decks)

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