Treatment of infection: Part 2

Question 1

What is the acronym AIDS mean?

Answer 1

Acquired ImmunoDeficiency syndrome

Question 2

What is the acronym HIV mean?

Answer 2

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Question 3

What does HIV attack?

Answer 3

It is a retrovirus that attacks T4 lymphocytes

Question 4

What does the loss of lymphocytes cause?

Answer 4

It impairs immune function allowing for opportunistic infections to happen (impairs our ability to fight infection)

Question 5

What are anti-HIV drugs? (4)

Answer 5

They are:

• reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs)
• protease inhibitors
• HIV entry inhibitors
• integrase inhibitors

Question 6

What is the main action of the reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs)?

Answer 6

prevent conversion of viral RNA to viral DNA (reverse transcription)

Question 7

What are the 2 agents of RTIs?

Answer 7

1) nucleoside RTIs

2) non-nucleoside RTIs

Question 8

What do the nucleoside RTIs do?

Answer 8

act as “false substrate”

Question 9

What do the non-nucleoside RTIs do?

Answer 9

block active site on reverse transcriptase

Question 10

Does nucleoside RTIs act direct or indirect?

Answer 10

Indirect

Question 11

Does non-nucleoside RTIs act direct or indirect?

Answer 11

direct

Question 12

True/False:

HIV protease is a key enzyme in the final steps of HIV synthesis

Answer 12

True

Question 13

What do protease inhibitors do?

Answer 13

They mimic viral components and block protease function

Question 14

What do the HIV entry inhibitors do?

Answer 14

They impair the ability of HIV to fuse with and enter host lymphocytes

Question 15

What do the integrase inhibitors do?

Answer 15

inhibit HIV integrase, which is an enzyme that splices viral DNA into host cell DNA

Question 16

What are the 6 adverse side effects of anti-HIV drugs?

Answer 16

1) myopathy
2) neuropathy
3) lipodystrophy syndrome
4) blood dyscrasias
5) GI distress
6) immune reactions

Question 17

What drugs are associated with myopathy and neuropathy?

Answer 17

RTIs, integrase inhibitors

Question 18

What drugs are associated with lipodystrophy syndrome?

Answer 18

protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors

Question 19

What is the current strategy with anti-HIV drugs?

Answer 19

combination strategies of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)

Question 20

What drugs are the most combined?

Answer 20

2 nucleoside RTIs and 1 non-nucleoside RTI

Question 21

True/False:

Other drugs are added or substituted to maintain antiviral effects and avoid developing resistance

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Other common medications in AIDS are…

Answer 22

treatment of opportunistic infections and treatment of cancers:

• antibacterials
• antivirals
• interferons

Question 23

True/False:

AIDS is notorious for mutating often

Answer 23

True

Question 24

What is another term for fungal infections?

Answer 24

Mycosis

Question 25

Are infections often superficial or local?

Answer 25

They are both, not at the same time…both are just as common

Question 26

When do systemic mycoses very serious?

Answer 26

they are very serious in all people (duh) but worse in those that are immunocompromised

Question 27

What is the most common antifungal drug?

Answer 27

Imidazoles

Question 28

What do Imidazoles do?

Answer 28

They inhibit enzymes that synthesize membrane components of the fungi

Question 29

True/False:

Local drugs are never used for a systemic infection because it can be toxic

Answer 29

True

Question 30

What may other antifungal drugs do?

Answer 30

Generally impair membrane integrity or biochemistry of fungal cells

Question 31

What are the adverse side effects of the topical-local antifungal drugs?

Answer 31

• few serious side effects

- excessive use may cause resistance

Question 32

What are the adverse side effects of the systemic antifungal drugs?

Answer 32

• headache
• GI problems
• hepatotoxicity
• blood dyscrasias